Genetically Foods Essay

Genetically-modified foods (GM foods) have made a big splash in the news lately. European environmental organizations and public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months, and recent controversial studies about the effects of genetically-modified corn pollen on monarch butterfly caterpillars1, 2 have brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U. S. In response to the upswelling of public concern, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held three open meetings in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Oakland, California to solicit public opinions and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I will attempt to summarize the issues involved and explain the U. S. government’s present role in regulating GM food. What are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can be very time consuming and are often not very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, can create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant geneticists can isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance and insert that gene into a different plant. The new genetically-modified plant will gain drought tolerance as well. Not only can genes be transferred from one plant to another, but genes from non-plant organisms also can be used. The best known example of this is the use of B. t. genes in corn and other crops. B. t. , or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are lethal to insect larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer. For two informative overviews of some of the techniques involved in creating GM foods, visit Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http://www. biotechknowledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of Plant Biotechnology from the National Center for Biotechnology Education http://www. ncbe. reading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What are some of the advantages of GM foods? The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways: Pest resistance Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing GM foods such as B. t.corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesn’t harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup  ®6. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9. Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings10. (Note: I have not been able to find any journal articles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been published or patented.) Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet. However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of â€Å"golden† rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13. Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice may not come to market at all15. Pharmaceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all GM plants are grown as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18. How prevalent are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), there are over 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization (http://vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteristics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests. Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet; however, the prevalence of GM foods in U. S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified whole fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, highly processed foods, such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals, most likely contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one processing stream from many different sources. Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the modern American diet virtually ensures that all U. S. consumers have been exposed to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that follow are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http://www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are derived from a brief published by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http://www. isaaa. org/publications/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http://www. bio.org/food&ag/1999Acreage. Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were grown by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most widely grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvested in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind. 74% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for both herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, acreage of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from approximately 4. 3 million acres in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 – almost twice the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were devoted to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans cultivated in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996. In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also experienced a similar but less dramatic increase. Corn production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, about the same as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http://www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms against GM foods? Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. Even the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns. Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organisms Last year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint. Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately; it is not possible to design a B. t. toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other non-government research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the original study may have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are defending their data vigorously. Currently, there is no agreement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further. Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Just as some populations of mosquitoes developed resistance to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides. Gene transfer to non-target species Another concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These â€Å"superweeds† would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. The possibility of interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The company has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crops. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknown source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto. The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from someone else’s GM crops planted a field or two away. More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. There are several possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged between plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not receive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterile (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26. Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pollen from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive. Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B. t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. Beneficial or harmless insects would have a refuge in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticides. Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone. Estimates of the necessary width of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This planting method may not be feasible if too much acreage is required for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity Many children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions31. Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will acquire new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human health There is a growing concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health. A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claimed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes. Yet critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not hold up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals. The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or animal consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. Economic concerns Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness. Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the lead of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the contention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows. One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a â€Å"suicide gene† into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season. In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has pledged to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods regulated and what is the government’s role in this process? Governments around the world are hard at work to establish a regulatory process to monitor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. Yet depending on the political, social and economic climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways. In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has announced that health testing of GM foods will be mandatory as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM foods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong preference for unmodified fruits and vegetables. India’s government has not yet announced a policy on GM foods because no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38. India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the country’s endemic poverty and feed its exploding population. Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the importation of GM crops39,. Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic harm if they are unable to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries. In Europe, anti-GM food protestors have been especially active. In the last few years Europe has experienced two major foods scares: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Great Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating from Belgium. These food scares have undermined consumer confidence about the European food supply, and citizens are disinclined to trust government information about GM foods. In response to the public outcry, Europe now requires mandatory food labeling of GM foods in stores, and the European Commission (EC) has established a 1% threshold for contamination of unmodified foods with GM food products40. In the United States, the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods. To put it very simply, the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental safety, the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat. The EPA is responsible for regulating substances such as pesticides or toxins that may cause harm to the environment. GM crops such as B. t. pesticide-laced corn or herbicide-tolerant crops but not foods modified for their nutritional value fall under the purview of the EPA. The USDA is responsible for GM crops that do not fall under the umbrella of the EPA such as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerant crops, crops grown for animal feeds, or whole fruits, vegetables and grains for human consumption. The FDA historically has been concerned with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products and additives, not whole foods. Under current guidelines, a genetically-modified ear of corn sold at a produce stand is not regulated by the FDA because it is a whole food, but a box of cornflakes is regulated because it is a food product. The FDA’s stance is that GM foods are substantially equivalent to unmodified, â€Å"natural† foods, and therefore not subject to FDA regulation. The EPA conducts risk assessment studies on pesticides that could potentially cause harm to human health and the environment, and establishes tolerance and residue levels for pesticides. There are strict limits on the amount of pesticides that may be applied to crops during growth and production, as well as the amount that remains in the food after processing. Growers using pesticides must have a license for each pesticide and must follow the directions on the label to accord with the EPA’s safety standards. Government inspectors may periodically visit farms and conduct investigations to ensure compliance. Violation of government regulations may result in steep fines, loss of license and even jail sentences. As an example the EPA regulatory approach, consider B.t. corn. The EPA has not established limits on residue levels in B. t corn because the B. t. in the corn is not sprayed as a chemical pesticide but is a gene that is integrated into the genetic material of the corn itself. Growers must have a license from the EPA for B. t corn, and the EPA has issued a letter for the 2000 growing season requiring farmers to plant 20% unmodified corn, and up to 50% unmodified corn in regions where cotton is also cultivated41. This planting strategy may help prevent insects from developing resistance to the B.t. pesticides as well as provide a refuge for non-target insects such as Monarch butterflies. The USDA has many internal divisions that share responsibility for assessing GM foods. Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the Agricultural Research Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program. The USDA is concerned with potential hazards of the plant itself. Does it harbor insect pests? Is it a noxious weed? Will it cause harm to indigenous species if it escapes from farmer’s fields? The USDA has the power to impose quarantines on problem regions to prevent movement of suspected plants, restrict import or export of suspected plants, and can even destroy plants cultivated in violation of USDA regulations. Many GM plants do not require USDA permits from APHIS. A GM plant does not require a permit if it meets these 6 criteria: 1) the plant is not a noxious weed; 2) the genetic material introduced into the GM plant is stably integrated into the plant’s own genome; 3) the function of the introduced gene is known and does not cause plant disease; 4) the GM plant is not toxic to non-target organisms; 5) the introduced gene will not cause the creation of new plant viruses; and 6) the GM plant cannot contain genetic material from animal or human pathogens (see http://www. aphis. usda.gov:80/bbep/bp/7cfr340 ). The current FDA policy was developed in 1992 (Federal Register Docket No. 92N-0139) and states that agri-biotech companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. Companies working to create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow the FDA’s recommendations after the consultation. Consumer interest groups wish this process to be mandatory, so that all GM food products, whole foods or otherwise, must be approved by the FDA before being released for commercialization. The FDA counters that the agency currently does not have the time, money, or resources to carry out exhaustive health and safety studies of every proposed GM food product. Moreover, the FDA policy as it exists today does not allow for this type of intervention. How are GM foods labeled? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market. If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non-labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. Consumer interest groups, on the other hand, are demanding mandatory labeling. People have the right to know what they are eating, argue the interest groups, and historically industry has proven itself to be unreliable at self-compliance with existing safety regulations. The FDA’s current position on food labeling is governed by the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which is only concerned with food additives, not whole foods or food products that are considered â€Å"GRAS† – generally recognized as safe. The FDA contends that GM foods are substantially equivalent to non-GM foods, and therefore not subject to more stringent labeling. If all GM foods and food products are to be labeled, Congress must enact sweeping changes in the existing food labeling policy. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory. First, are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non-GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Secondly, what are the acceptable limits of GM contamination in non-GM products? The EC has determined that 1% is an acceptable limit of cross-contamination, yet many consumer interest groups argue that only 0% is acceptable. Some companies such as Gerber baby foods42 and Frito-Lay43 have pledged to avoid use of GM foods in any of their products. But who is going to monitor these companies for compliance and what is the penalty if they fail? Once again, the FDA does not have the resources to carry out testing to ensure compliance. What is the level of detectability of GM food cross-contamination? Scientists agree that current technology is unable to detect minute quantities of contamination, so ensuring 0% contamination using existing methodologies is not guaranteed. Yet researchers disagree on what level of contamination really is detectable, especially in highly processed food products such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals where the vegetables used to make these products have been pooled from many different sources. A 1% threshold may already be below current levels of detectability. Finally, who is to be responsible for educating the public about GM food labels and how costly will that education be? Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. This may be the greatest challenge faced be a new food labeling policy: how to educate and inform the public without damaging the public trust and causing alarm or fear of GM food products. In January 2000, an international trade agreement for labeling GM foods was established44, 45. More than 130 countries, including the US, the world’s largest producer of GM foods, signed the agreement. The policy states that exporters must be required to label all GM foods and that importing countries have the right to judge for themselves the potential risks and reject GM foods, if they so choose. This new agreement may spur the U. S. government to resolve the domestic food labeling dilemma more rapidly. Conclusion Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the world’s hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides. Yet there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.

The Pardoner’s Tale

In Flanders once there was a company Of youngsters haunting vice and ribaldry, Riot and gambling, stews and public-houses Where each with harp, guitar, or lute carouses, Dancing and dicing day and night, and bold To eat and drink far more than they can hold, Doing thereby the devil sacrifice Within that devil’s temple of cursed vice, Abominable in superfluity, With oaths so damnable in blasphemy That it’s a grisly thing to hear them swear. Our dear Lord’s body they will rend and tear. . . . It’s of three rioters I have to tell Who, long before the morning service bell, Were sitting in a tavern for a drink. And as they sat, they heard the hand-bell clink Before a coffin going to the grave; One of them called the little tavern-knave And said â€Å"Go and find out at once—look spry! — Whose corpse is in that coffin passing by; And see you get the name correctly too. † â€Å"Sir,† said the boy, â€Å"no need, I promise you; Two hours before you came here I was told. He was a friend of yours in days of old, And suddenly, last night, the man was slain, Upon his bench, face up, dead drunk again. There came a privy thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all round here, and in a breath He speared him through the heart, he never stirred. And then Death went his way without a word. He’s killed a thousand in the present plague, And, sir, it doesn’t do to be too vague If you should meet him; you had best be wary. Be on your guard with such an adversary, Be primed to meet him everywhere you go, That’s what my mother said. It’s all I know. † The publican joined in with, â€Å"By St. Mary, What the child says is right; you’d best be wary, This very year he killed, in a large village A mile away, man, woman, serf at tillage, Page in the household, children—all there were. Yes, I imagine that he lives round there. It’s well to be prepared in these alarms, He might do you dishonor. † â€Å"Huh, God’s arms! † The rioter said, â€Å"Is he so fierce to meet? I’ll search for him, by Jesus, street by street. God’s blessed bones! I’ll register a vow! Here, chaps! The three of us together now, Hold up your hands, like me, and we’ll be brothers In this affair, and each defend the others, And we will kill this traitor Death, I say! Away with him as he has made away With all our friends. God’s dignity! Tonight! † They made their bargain, swore with appetite, These three, to live and die for one another As brother-born might swear to his born brother. And up they started in their drunken rage And made towards this village which the page And publican had spoken of before. Many and grisly were the oaths they swore, Tearing Christ’s blessed body to a shred; â€Å"If we can only catch him, Death is dead! † When they had gone not fully half a mile, Just as they were about to cross a stile, They came upon a very poor old man Who humbly greeted them and thus began, â€Å"God look to you, my lords, and give you quiet! † To which the proudest of these men of riot Gave back the answer, â€Å"What, old fool? Give place! Why are you all wrapped up except your face? Why live so long? Isn’t it time to die? † The old, old fellow looked him in the eye And said, â€Å"Because I never yet have found, Though I have walked to India, searching round Village and city on my pilgrimage, One who would change his youth to have my age. And so my age is mine and must be still Upon me, for such time as God may will. â€Å"Not even Death, alas, will take my life; So, like a wretched prisoner at strife Within himself, I walk alone and wait About the earth, which is my mother’s gate, Knock-knocking with my staff from night to noon And crying, ‘Mother, open to me soon! Look at me, mother, won’t you let me in? See how I wither, flesh and blood and skin! Alas! When will these bones be laid to rest? Mother, I would exchange—for that were best— The wardrobe in my chamber, standing there So long, for yours! Aye, for a shirt of hair To wrap me in! ’ She has refused her grace, Whence comes the pallor of my withered face. â€Å"But it dishonored you when you began To speak so roughly, sir, to an old man, Unless he had injured you in word or deed. It says in holy writ, as you may read, ‘Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head And honor it. ’ And therefore be it said, ‘Do no more harm to an old man than you, Being now young, would have another do When you are old’—if you should live till then. And so may God be with you, gentlemen, For I must go whither I have to go. † â€Å"By God,† the gambler said, â€Å"you shan’t do so, You don’t get off so easy, by St. John! I heard you mention, just a moment gone, A certain traitor Death who singles out And kills the fine young fellows hereabout. And you’re his spy, by God! You wait a bit. Say where he is or you shall pay for it, By God and by the Holy Sacrament! I say you’ve joined together by consent To kill us younger folk, you thieving swine! † â€Å"Well, sirs,† he said, â€Å"if it be your design To find out Death, turn up this crooked way Towards that grove, I left him there today Under a tree, and there you’ll find him waiting. He isn’t one to hide for all your prating. You see that oak? He won’t be far to find. And God protect you that redeemed mankind, Aye, and amend you! † Thus that ancient man. At once the three young rioters began To run, and reached the tree, and there they found A pile of golden florins on the ground, New-coined, eight bushels of them as they thought. No longer was it Death those fellows sought, For they were all so thrilled to see the sight, The florins were so beautiful and bright, That down they sat beside the precious pile. The wickedest spoke first after a while. â€Å"Brothers,† he said, â€Å"you listen to what I say. I’m pretty sharp although I joke away. It’s clear that Fortune has bestowed this treasure To let us live in jollity and pleasure. Light come, light go! We’ll spend it as we ought. God’s precious dignity! Who would have thought This morning was to be our lucky day? â€Å"If one could only get the gold away, Back to my house, or else to yours, perhaps— For as you know, the gold is ours, chaps— We’d all be at the top of fortune, hey? But certainly it can’t be done by day. People would call us robbers—a strong gang, So our own property would make us hang. No, we must bring this treasure back by night Some prudent way, and keep it out of sight. And so as a solution I propose We draw for lots and see the way it goes; The one who draws the longest, lucky man, Shall run to town as quickly as he can To fetch us bread and wine—but keep things dark— While two remain in hiding here to mark Our heap of treasure. If there’s no delay, When night comes down we’ll carry it away, All three of us, wherever we have planned. † He gathered lots and hid them in his hand Bidding them draw for where the luck should fall. It fell upon the youngest of them all, And off he ran at once towards the town. As soon as he had gone the first sat down And thus began a parley with the other: â€Å"You know that you can trust me as a brother; Now let me tell you where your profit lies; You know our friend has gone to get supplies And here’s a lot of gold that is to be Divided equally among us three. Nevertheless, if I could shape things thus So that we shared it out—the two of us— Wouldn’t you take it as a friendly act? † â€Å"But how? † the other said. â€Å"He knows the fact That all the gold was left with me and you; What can we tell him? What are we to do? † â€Å"Is it a bargain,† said the first, â€Å"or no? For I can tell you in a word or so What’s to be done to bring the thing about. â€Å"Trust me,† the other said, â€Å"you needn’t doubt My word. I won’t betray you, I’ll be true. † â€Å"Well,† said his friend, â€Å"you see that we are two, And two are twice as powerful as one. Now look; when he comes back, get up i n fun To have a wrestle; then, as you attack, I’ll up and put my dagger through his back While you and he are struggling, as in game; Then draw your dagger too and do the same. Then all this money will be ours to spend, Divided equally of course, dear friend. Then we can gratify our lusts and fill The day with dicing at our own sweet will. † Thus these two miscreants agreed to slay The third and youngest, as you heard me say. The youngest, as he ran towards the town, Kept turning over, rolling up and down Within his heart the beauty of those bright New florins, saying, â€Å"Lord, to think I might Have all that treasure to myself alone! Could there be anyone beneath the throne Of God so happy as I then should be? † And so the Fiend, our common enemy, Was given power to put it in his thought That there was always poison to be bought, And that with poison he could kill his friends. To men in such a state the Devil sends Thoughts of this kind, and has a full permission To lure them on to sorrow and perdition; For this young man was utterly content To kill them both and never to repent. And on he ran, he had no thought to tarry, Came to the town, found an apothecary And said, â€Å"Sell me some poison if you will, I have a lot of rats I want to kill And there’s a polecat too about my yard That takes my chickens and it hits me hard; But I’ll get even, as is only right, With vermin that destroy a man by night. † The chemist answered, â€Å"I’ve a preparation Which you shall have, and by my soul’s salvation If any living creature eat or drink A mouthful, ere he has the time to think, Though he took less than makes a grain of wheat, You’ll see him fall down dying at your feet; Yes, die he must, and in so short a while You’d hardly have the time to walk a mile, The poison is so strong, you understand. † This cursed fellow grabbed into his hand The box of poison and away he ran Into a neighboring street, and found a man Who lent him three large bottles. He withdrew And deftly poured the poison into two. He kept the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night Stacking the gold and carrying it away. And when this rioter, this devil’s clay, Had filled his bottles up with wine, all three, Back to rejoin his comrades sauntered he. Why make a sermon of it? Why waste breath? Exactly in the way they’d planned his death They fell on him and slew him, two to one. Then said the first of them when this was done, â€Å"Now for a drink. Sit down and let’s be merry, For later on there’ll be the corpse to bury. † And, as it happened, reaching for a sup, He took a bottle full of poison up And drank; and his companion, nothing loth, Drank from it also, and they perished both. There is, in Avicenna’s long relation Concerning poison and its operation, Trust me, no ghastlier section to transcend What these two wretches suffered at their end. Thus these two murderers received their due, So did the treacherous young poisoner too. . . . â€Å"One thing I should have mentioned in my tale, Dear people. I’ve some relics in my bale And pardons too, as full and fine, I hope, As any in England, given me by the Pope. If there be one among you that is willing To have my absolution for a shilling Devoutly given, come! and do not harden Your hearts but kneel in humbleness for pardon; Or else, receive my pardon as we go. You can renew it every town or so Always provided that you still renew Each time, and in good money, what is due. It is an honor to you to have found A pardoner with his credentials sound Who can absolve you as you ply the spur In any accident that may occur. For instance—we are all at Fortune’s beck— Your horse may throw you down and break your neck. What a security it is to all To have me here among you and at call With pardon for the lowly and the great When soul leaves body for the future state! And I advise our Host here to begin, The most enveloped of you all in sin. Come forward, Host, you shall be the first to pay, And kiss my holy relics right away. Only a groat. Come on, unbuckle your purse! † â€Å"No, no,† said he, â€Å"not I, and may the curse Of Christ descend upon me if I do! . . .† The Pardoner said nothing, not a word; He was so angry that he couldn’t speak. â€Å"Well,† said our Host, â€Å"if you’re for showing pique,   I’ll joke no more, not with an angry man. † The worthy Knight immediately began, Seeing the fun was getting rather rough, And said, â€Å"No more, we’ve all had quite enough. Now, Master Pardoner, perk up, look cheerly! And you, Sir Host, whom I esteem so dearly, I beg of you to kiss the Pardoner. â€Å"Come, Pardoner, draw nearer, my dear sir. Let’s laugh again and keep the ball in play. † They kissed, and we continued on our way. s

American Hero

War hero and American hero are just a few terms you can use to describe this prestigious jewel who willingly and courageously led one of the biggest redemption in the United States. We all know the story of Harriet Tubman or to African Americans The Moses of Her People. We all know of the underground railroad, but do we actually know how these paths and secret passages later help the united states. Harriet Tubman led many events and revolts that has shaped and mold the America today. Harriet Tubman was born into slavery around 1820 in Dorchester county, Maryland. (Douglas Jones) Her name was originally Araminta but after marrying her husband John Tubman she changed her first and last name becoming now known as Harriet Tubman. After fear of being sold she decided that it was going to be freedom or death, so she ran away with her brothers following the north star to freedom. After awhile her brothers became afraid and decided to turn around and Harriet reached Philadelphia alone. Here she joined the abolitionist movement. After realizing what she had done Harriet returned for more of her people helping them to freedom. On this nail biting voyage Harriet would drop off the slaves to these people who she came in contact with that were willing to help. These homes where the slaves would be left at were called safe houses. You may wonder how people were brave just like her to follow her and trust that they too would be saved and led to freedom, but it was some who did not believe it could be done and would try to turn around scared that they would be caught. If they were skeptical and asked about returning, it is said that Tubman would use her gun to scare the people and tell them its either freedom or death. Over the course of 10 years, and at great personal risk, Tubman made 19 trips to Maryland and helped 300 people escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad. (Douglas Jones) Her dedication to her people shows why she is the true American hero. It is way more to it then what she did for the U.S her character plays a major role in how she was able to achieve all of these accomplishments she was risky, gave her time (dedication), her selflessness and willingness Is what helped the united states and more importantly the black people in the world today. Her legacy is fading away in history books and history teachers lessons today. But we all known her multiple accomplishments paved the way for many in this day and age. Set aside from the underground railroad, Harriet served as a nurse for soldiers in the civil war for four years, although this is the least of her activities she took place in, it did help progress in the united states. Also, during the civil was she served as a scout, nurse and spy for the U.S. this came in handy for the U.S because she actually used her passages to get supplies to the north for the war while also helping in the war leading the north to victory. Harriet spied for the union and talked ex-slaves into doing the same, sometimes even going into confederate territory to help union soldiers gather information that could win battles. (Allen, pg.12) in 1863, became the first woman in American history to originate and lead a combat unit in an armed assault. (Douglas Jones) the north winning the war did not stop Harriet. She continued to fight for freedom and for womens suffrage. There are many stories that backs up these accusations about Moses. Slaves that traveled with her told her story and lived through her legacy. Harriet did many things to help this country, now women believe they can do such things as Harriet did. She stood up for us men and women, and now our people today are not afraid to speak out on these issues. Her service in the war started the movement for the abolishment of slavery. It is not how much she did it is what she did that allows me to walk around freely around ANY race. McDonough, Yona Zeldis., and Nancy Harrison. Who Was Harriet Tubman? New York: Grosset Dunlap, 2016. Allen, Thomas B., and Carla Bauer. Harriet Tubman, Secret Agent: How Daring Slaves and Free Blacks Spied for the Union during the Civil War. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2009.Sterling, Dorothy. Freedom Train: The Story of Harriet Tubman. New York, NY: Scholastic, 1991.Weatherford, Carole Boston, and Kadir Nelson. Moses: When Harriet Tubman Led Her People to Freedom. Los Angeles: Disney, Jump at the Sun, 2006.

Financial accounting standards board Research Paper

Financial accounting standards board - Research Paper Example However, after the approval of the amendment, entities going through mergers and acquisitions are obliged by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to implement this change in their financial reporting. This is to ensure consistency in the application of these standards among the entities affected. Accounting for any combination taking place after the approval date must be in accordance with the provisions of this standards. In addition, full implementation must be observed, that is, once an entity decides to use these standards, it must be applied fully, ensuring compliance with every paragraph of the standard and not partial compliance (FASB, p14).The board may permit early application to implement the standard by entities undergoing combinations. They can simply apply to the board if they are certain about using the standard. The board may however choose to accept or reject such applications. When the board is sufficiently satisfied that the applicants can implement this standar d, it grants the permission for an early implementation. When such permission is granted, the applicant must comply with the requirements of each provision of the standard as partial compliance is prohibited. They must ensure recognition, measurement, and disclosure are as per the requirements of the standard (FASB, p18).The proposed amendment would result in more relevant information as compared to the current standard on disclosure of identifiable intangible assets. Firstly, this standard limits the separate recognition to non-cancelable contractual terms and other legal rights.

Genetically modified foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically modified foods - Essay Example How GM food production is likely to affect health, environment, and ecology at large. Annotated Bibliography Chen, Li; Lee, Dong; Song, Zhi; Suh, Hak; Lu, Bao. â€Å"Gene flow from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) to its weedy and wild relatives†. (2004). Annals of Botany, 93, 67–73. Authors are researchers at reputed universities at South Korea and China. The article describes how outcrossing could lead to undesired transfer of genes to non-target crops and culminate into a new issue with unknown results creating long-term ecological consequences. Authors strongly recommended that while growing GM foods an isolation zone must be established to prevent outcrossing. The experiments were conducted with rice at two places in China and South Korea. The resource is valuable in the sense that gene transfer technology should be used with caution. â€Å"Food Standards Agency†. GM Crops and Foods: Follow-up to the Food Matters Report by Defra and the FSA. Web. 9 June 2013 h ttp://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/foodmattergmreport.pdf Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Food Standards Agency have prepared a report on matters of food security pertaining to GM crops and foods. The report highlights how delayed approvals from EU for GM crops could impact availability of animal feed for livestock. The report informs about current EU position and how GM foods are regulated and its likely implications for consumers. The report is important to understand the EU stand in reference to the GM foods for animal feed purposes. â€Å"Friends of the Earth†. Could GM foods cause allergies? Web 2006. 9 June 2013 http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/gm_alergies.pdf The site based at the UK closely follows environment concerns in relation to various issues including GM foods. In the published article, it has been stated that it is important to check GM food for immune system response otherwise it could be lethal for those who consume it. The a uthors strongly recommend that unless acceptable methods are available for detection of allergenicity, no GM crop should be given approval. The site certainly gives information how GM foods could be detrimental to the health of people. â€Å"GeneWatch UK†. GM crops and Foods in Britain and Europe. Web. 9 June 2013 http://www.genewatch.org/sub-568547 The GeneWatch is the UK based not-for-profit organization aims at investigating impact of genetic science and technologies on health, food, agriculture, society and environment. The site strongly believes that public must be made aware how genetic technologies could cause impact in their life. The site discusses various pros and cons related to GM foods providing a very good insight on this issue. â€Å"GM crops and Food Security†. House of Parliament. Web 2011. 9 June 2013 www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/post-pn-386.pdf House of Parliament is assigned with the task of providing balanced and independent analysis of all ma tters that has the basis in science and technology. Accordingly, the article discusses how GM technique can provide food security in Europe highlighting its impact on environment. The article also describes about the possibilities of producing drought tolerant and herbicide resistant wheat to benefit from this technology. The sight can provide balanced information on the issue of GM foods and crops. Lindqvist, Anna and Verba, Terra. Golden Rice and other

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Psychology - Essay Example Thailand has remained a model for organic farming. Many Thai companies are boasting of chemical free products today. Thailand’s Buddhist Asok movement helps to build organic farms and is a monk led movement, which has brought a change within the monk living style too. â€Å"Additionally, while several mainstream Thai monks are millionaires, Asok monks are not allowed to own any property and lay members living inside the community make no money. But everyone receives free food, lodging, and medical care, and students receive free education† http://www.newfarm.org/columns/Jason/2003/0303/thai_asok.shtml Thailand is feeding the world with many organic products other than the rice and in recent years this had been its valuable offering towards environment and it still remains the largest rice exporter in the world. Green Net has rendered yeomen service to organic revolution with its organising farm and trading activities. â€Å"Through more than 7-year experiences, Green Net believes that the main challenge for Third World organic movement is how to organise fair trade at national and international level which would truly benefit small-scale organic producers in a sustainable manner,† Alfoldic (2000, p.664). Organic marketing called Lemon Farms are spreading all over Thailand. Initially, it had not been easy to find customers. â€Å"It has proved difficult to get customers to pay more for generic products although there are some signs this is changing. For instance initial efforts to market organic fruits and vegetables in Thailand, ran into stiff marketing resistence† Charter (1999, p.347). â€Å"There are many doors into the organic community. Some folks come in through their alternative lifestyle. Some come desperately seeking ways to save their farms. Some are merely attracted by high organic soybean and dairy prices†. The Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) has been spreading

A reflective piece on change initiative and applied work based change Essay

A reflective piece on change initiative and applied work based change in which you will apply the theoretical perspectives. iden - Essay Example However change management to be successful requires effective percolation and transmission of vision and mission objectives amongst the people at different levels. Involvement of human resources is considered as a prime concern for implementation of changes adapted. The people pertaining to different levels are required to be trained and communicated accordingly to make them understand the benefits and advantages related to the change process. Similarly the people must also be encouraged to render effective feedbacks relating to their problems and grievances owing to the requirement to perform in a changed environmental setting. This process put in place helps in the designing of adequate teams in the organisation that would contribute in the accomplishment of the new organisational objectives (Cameron and Green, 2004, p.79-80). Organisational Change in Retail The demand for fashion merchandises is countering dynamic changes owing to changing tastes and desires of the people around t he world for which fashion retail companies are required to bring about changes in the operational processes and accordingly adapt new vision and mission objectives. Retail concerns thus needs to incorporate processes that would help in effectively tracking changes in the demand scenario and thereby help in effective ordering for the right stocks. Working as a store manager in a fashion retail concern rendered a clear understanding about the factors for which the sales figures were countering a fall each month thereby leading to loss of revenues and goodwill. Fall in demand for the garments led to undue stock piling both in the store and warehouse thereby also creating a financial impact on the organisation in terms of locking of working capital. Thus it was strongly felt that the retail organisation needed adequate changes both in the vision and mission guidelines and also needed the incorporation of effective technology and process to help serve the organisational objectives. The main problem identified here related to the failure of the right merchandise to reach the stores from the warehouse at the right time. This fact thus led to the consumers perceives the unavailability of the required merchandise at the store leading to loss of potential demand and business for the retail concern. Thus it was required for the retail organisation to take resort to the process and concept of ‘Fast Fashion Retailing’ and also to implement technological and process changes thereby. ‘Fast Fashion’ is held to be a retail business strategy that aims in helping the retail concerns in effective reduction of lead times thereby contributing in the right merchandising of the stocks required to be sold (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood, 2006, p.259). Henceforth incorporation of technological changes relating to use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology enabled scanners was also strongly felt that would help in rightly tracking inventory movement and thereby inform about the ‘hot sellers’ and the ‘unsold stocks’ (Thomas, 2008, p.98). Along with the above stated process and technological cha

Australia's Bushrangers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australia's Bushrangers - Essay Example A little over a century ago, Mark Twain remarked that "Australian history does not read like history, but like the most beautiful lies" (cited in Gerster, 2001). The elevation of bushrangers, such as Ned Kelly, to the status of mythical heroes and national legends, incited that remark. Australian history, as opposed to legend, sentimental national memory and selective or revisionist recollections of the past, incontrovertibly establish the criminality of the nineteenth century bushrangers. They were murderers, thieves and outlaws and even their staunchest supporters have been unable to defend them against these claims (Seal, 1980). Within the parameters of the stated, the more fundamental question pertains to the evolution of criminals into figures of heroic legend and, more precisely, the secret of the appeal of bushrangers like Ned Kelly to the Australian national memory. In response to the questions raised, the argument shall illustrate that the bushrangers became figures of heroi c legend and assumed mythical proportions within national memory as an immediate outcome of the nation's historical circumstances, its status vis--vis Britain and, most importantly, consequent to the fact that the bushrangers' defiance of the law, withstood retelling as rebellion against British domination, and their capacity to survive in the country's harsh and expansive outback lend to the myth of the formation of nation, through the taming of the wild. The very formation of Australia, insofar as many of its "founding fathers" were the outcasts and victims of British society and justice, significantly contributed to the later evolution of the bushman as hero (Jupp, 2001, p. 16). In his overview of the demographical characteristics of the nineteenth century Irish and British convicts who were transported to Australia, James Jupp (2001) , observes that the majority were poor and marginalised. Not withstanding or denying the fact that they had a criminal background and were convicted felons, the fact was that a significant percentage were first-time felons and that he majority were guilty of non-violent crimes such as larceny and theft. In other words, studies and historical records indicate that the British and Irish convicts, transported to Australia for their crimes, were not the dangerous criminals they have often been depicted as but, more often than not, poor and marginalised members of the lower classes, whose crimes did not war rant transportation to a penal colony (Jupp, 2001). Within the context of the mentioned, one begins to realise that the country was gradually being peopled with settlers whose very circumstances, whether the experience of social marginalisation or harsh/blind justice predetermined, not only the evolution of an outlaw culture but, support for outlaw-ism insofar as it withstood interpretation as rebellion against the British and against injustice. The status of Australia vis--vis Britain further contributed to the readiness to elevate the bushmen into national icons and heroes, rather than simply dismiss them as outlaws and criminals. As may be inferred from David Neal's (1987) account of the emergence of Australian nationhood, Australia was perceived of as a convict society and penal colony. Irrespective of the validity of this perception, the fact remains that the stated coloured societal relationships and the distribution of power therein. Quite simply stated, society was consequently comprised of a free class, which wielded both wealth and power, and the convict and slave classes (Neal, 1987). As may be inferred from Neal's (1987) analysis, it was a society characterised by inequality and insofar as a significant proportion of its members were not free, not to mention the status of the country itself as a penal colony, as opposed to a sovereign and independent nation, Australia and Australians were not free. Instead, the c ountry was subject to British domination, on the one hand and, the majority of society was under the domination of the minority, on the other (Evans and

Project Proposal for Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project for Paper - Research Proposal Example 262). Cybercrime can take on many shapes and forms. It can begin as something seemingly harmless, and rise to one of the gravest threats to personal and national security that exists today. It is also a troubling trend that the majority of the perpetrators of such crimes appear be young people under the age of 26. They often justify their actions initially as harmless hacking just for fun, but they quickly realize that their actions could prove to be quite lucrative. The harm done to victims of cybercrime, however, are immense. It is important to note that cybercrime does not only involve a financial element. There are crimes being committed that involve spam, harassment, threats, child pornography, and child endangerment just to name a few (Lee, 2012, p. 14). This proposal will detail the reasons why cybercrime is a serious issue today and explore the basis for future research and study that will be conducted in this area. Problem Statement The problem is that cybercrime has become so pervasive in society today and many people are fearful of the damage, both psychological and and financial, that can be perpetrated on them via technology. In addition, the problem has persisted to the point that it is costing society hundreds of millions of dollars a year in damages and preventative measures. Network security has been compromised to the point that clients and IT professionals globally has lost trust in conducting many types of electronic commerce transactions. Tremendous and organized efforts are currently underway to tackle this problem, but it is requiring an inordinate amount of manpower and resources, further compounding the financial cost to society. In addition, resources are having to be reallocated to this area, limiting technological progress and business expansion that could be otherwise achieved, largely owed to the sophistication that the average cyber criminal is exhibiting today (Gray, 2004; Lin, Fofanah, & Liang, 2011). This is a problem and issue that is serious and requires immediate attention. The rapid globalization take place today requires technological innovation. Companies and countries around the world are in a constant struggle to maintain a competitive advantages over others in the same industry (Kolsaker & Lee-Kelley, 2008). Cybercrime has impacted companies by threatening their infrastructure and their financial well being. Furthermore, cybercrime has impacted the countries around the world by enhancing certain espionage activities that serve the threaten and raises issues of national security across the board. Finally, cybercrime impacts the individual citizen on multiple fronts. Identity theft, for example, has become a common method of cybercrime whereby an individual’s very identity is stolen for personal gain. Not only does this create a loss of trust in technology by the victim, but it can create immense financial and emotional trouble that can take years to unravel and correct. In addition, compute r crime has made it much easier for a certain criminal element to prey on innocent children around the world. These issues alone demonstrate the importance of examining this problem with a united and global front. Let us now examine the relevance and significance of this proposed study. Relevance and Significance The security

Platos Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Platos Republic - Essay Example Socrates was outspoken in criticizing the new government and after the Democrats took hold of power, Socrates’ relationship with the oligarchic set up made his enemies to find appropriate reasons to make him face trial. They charged him with corrupting the youth of Athens through immoral ways and in spite of his articulately expressed defense, Socrates was held guilty and condemned to death. In his Apology, Plato has recorded the last days of Socates’ life. Socrates continued to remain staunch and true to his belief system and was unwilling to go back on his past statements. He even refused the offer of exile and willingly ingested the cup of hemlock poison that ended his life. This paper holds that the charges against Socrates did not have strength and that they were primarily a result of the ongoing political strife amongst the varied claimants who wanted to lose no opportunity in claiming positions of authority in the newly established democracy. The defense for Socr ates will be substantiated by repeatedly referring to Plato’s Republic because there is considerable circumstantial evidence in this work to steer him clear of the charges of corrupting Athenian youth (p.36). We know that Socrates was charged of corrupting the youth through a few contemporary Greek sources; Plato, Xenophon and the playwright Aristophanes. The Republic was born in Plato’s mind in his early youth while he was hopeful of becoming a politician. At this time he was much impressed with Socrates and became his pupil informally. Following the Peloponnesian war, Athens was ruled for about eight months by the Thirty Tyrants who were an oligarchic and tyrannical power group that tried to enroll Socrates as well as Plato within their group. Although Plato did not give a clear signal, Socrates openly refused to join them and very soon became reputed for adopting anti-democratic ideas. This proved to be very dangerous for Socrates, especially after the taking over of governance by the fundamental democratic set up that had soon over thrown the Thirty Tyrants. Socrates was tried by the newly formed Athenian democracy for having corrupted the youth, introduced new gods and for ha ving adopted and encouraged atheism. He was convicted to death and subsequently executed, of which Plato was a witness. Plato was extremely disillusioned. The Athenians held that in having corrupted the youth Socrates encouraged the young to accompany him on his chosen path. Such developments made the youth of the day to confront the fundamentalist democracy of the period (p.248). In ascertaining whether Socrates had actually corrupted the youth in Athens, this paper relies on Plato’s Republic, which is a thorough analysis of the circumstances that prevailed during the time. In some ways it can be said that Socrates did teach new divinities and in some ways he did not. Socrates was ready to respect the conventional gods such as Athena and Zeus. In fact, all the available evidence indicates that he believed in polytheism. He was in agreement with Hesiod and Homer that these gods had physical characteristics and would always remain alive. However, his images of the gods were mo re illustrious as compared to the images of the gods that one understands from recitations of Homer and other groups of story tellers and god talkers that were known as muthologoi and theologoi respectively, during the period. Socrates held that the gods were wise,

An Article on Facebook from the Times of India Essay Example for Free

An Article on Facebook from the Times of India Essay For once, I was ahead of the curve, and, having rarely been in this exalted place, I can tell you it feels good. The backlash against Facebook, the social networking site, has begun, with rumblings of discontent being heard from distant corners of the globe. Word is going round that it is time-wasting, trivial, and a pathetic substitute for meeting friends in person. This is precisely what I have been saying to my friends all along but they used to recoil in horror as though declining to open a Facebook account was like refusing to bathe. They muttered darkly about certain people being pig-headed. I was reated like a Luddite, vainly holding out against penicillin or the electric kettle. Every time i asked them what exactly was so wonderful about this site, they gave the same feeble answers. Oh, its a great way to keep in touch. You can post your photos on it. Through the links to other peoples pages, you can see what your ex-boyfriends or ex-husbands are up to. Well, according to me, this is a waste of time. I can barely keep in touch with the friends who really matter to me four to five at the most, at any given stage in my life much less maintain an online relationship with old college friends or colleagues from years ago. If one has never bothered to make contact with them in all these years, its because one has never needed or particularly wanted to. It means that they dont matter hugely to me now. They did then, but now im in touch with another set of friends. My life is full enough with them. If one has a spare few hours, one would rather meet a friend over coffee or wine. That real-time, face-to-face conversation is contact, not exchanging trivia online. Why would i want to see a friends holiday snaps when i can barely summon up enough interest in my own to get them developed? Few things, bar waiting for milk to boil, are as boring as other peoples holiday pictures. Much as i love my friends in various parts of the world, im perfectly content with a broad brush update. An occasional e-mail telling me they are fine, their teenage son hasnt become a drug dealer and their dogs arthritis is better is fine with me. Any more detail is redundant. I assume they are equally uninterested in the daily mundaneness of my life and that is exactly as it should be. Even assuming i wanted to sign up, i would never have the time. If i, blessed with two maids and only one child to look after, cannot find the time to go on this site, how do millions of others, particularly those in the West who have many household chores, do so? hurry! No wonder companies are banning this site. God knows what it is doing to global productivity. But even outside work, dont people have to walk the dog? Check up on an elderly aunt? File their tax returns? The Facebook phenomenon has confirmed yet again what we have always known that human beings are sheep. They see someone going off in one direction and they follow blindly for no apparent reason beyond the comfort of numbers. All my efforts at persuading my 12-year-old son not to get onto Facebook failed. I spoke cogently about the charm of being different, of having the moral strength to resist peer pressure, of the infinitely greater pleasures of reading, but my efforts failed. His school friends looked at him as though he had gone soft in the brain. As for twitter, dont even get me started. The very name cutesy and twee irritates the hell out of me. Facebook and twitter are fads. Like all fads, theyll end up in the dustbin, not of history, but of historys footnotes.

Born Into Brothels Essay Example for Free

Born Into Brothels Essay Born into Brothels is an powerful movie that documents life at the extremes. Henslin (2010) defines social stratificiation as the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society or other group. With this story, Born into Brothels dares our insight of human resilience, while focusing on the lowest social class system, which is based primarily on possession of money or material possessions (Henslin, 2010) in social stratification. This documentary’s back drop is Caluctta, India, which is home to one of the oldest populations and religious doctrines in the world. Though India is a country with remarkable history, it suffers from environmental ruin, considerable overpopulation, religious strife and excessive poverty. This is a story about the power of human imagination and determination. It follows the amazing lives of eight children living in one of Calcutta’s most famous red light districts. Zana Briski, Co-Director, teaches photography to these children and tries to gain better educational opportunities for them, while capturing images of their every day lives. Born into Brothels tugs at your heartstrings, but also offers profound and soul stirring questions as to the extent that outsiders can become involved in the lives of others for the only life they know. Eight children, born into a culture of poverty, an assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children (Henslin, 2010), their caste, people’s statuses are determined by birth and are lifelong (Henslin, 2010), is there destiny, and they believe that is all they have in life. These children are born to women that have few options other than â€Å"walking the line† which is prostitution, or cleaning houses and most of the men suffer from drug abuse or alcoholism. HIV/AIDS, murder and crime are prevalent and living conditions are deplorable. In the red light district, which is it’s own city inside of a city; not only do the residents suffer in this harsh reality, every aspect of existnce is contaminated by its grave condition. In essence it is their own form of slavery, form of social stratification in which some people own other people (Henslin, 2010). The main characters are Gour, who is best friends with Puja. Gour worries that Puja will follow in the footsteps of her family. Puja’s family history is from a line of prostitution. They are regal in the district, as they eat well and dress well. Puja always shares what she has. Manik and Shanti are brother and sister and both eager to learn. Avijit, probably one of the most talented with his photography also loves to express himself in his drawings and paintings. Kochi, is a very strong little girl that suffers a lot of emotional and verbal abuse. She works doing chores from 4 a.m. to about 11 p.m. trying to make money for her family and takes her life for what it is. Suchitra is the oldest of the group. Gour is fearful that she will be sent to work the line. Suchitra’s mom died and her aunt wants to send her to Bombay to become a prostitute. Suchitra does not see a solution and is fearful to leave her home for this reason. Lastly, there is Tapasi. This little girl has resigned herself to the ideology, beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements (Henslin, 2010) that the red light district has engrained into its residents. Tapasi says â€Å" one has to accept that life is full of sadness and pain† (Briski, 2004) her hopelessness as a matter of fact attitude is astounding. THEORETICAL APPLICATION: The theoretical application of this film strongly parallels the conflict theory. The conflict theory is a theory by which views society as made up of many different groups that are competing for scarce resources, focusing on inequality (Henslin, 2010). While the movie explores fundamental ideologies regarding the status of women in that society, as most women are considered second-class citizens, most marriages are arranged by families and women have almost no way of protesting. Women are routinely bought and sold as early as age eight and many are forced to come sex workers. The sex workers are socially shunned and because of this, the children are often discriminated against. Because of this reason, getting these children into boarding schools proved to be a great feat. CONCLUSION: Born into Brothels opened the windows of 8 children’s lives and their families for a short time. Their photography was and still is being sold to help pay for boarding school for the children born into the red light district. The 8 children featured were afforded opportunities that they would never have otherwise been given. We don’t need to travel to Calcutta, India to put ourselves into other people’s ‘shoes’, we can be aware of what is happening around us right here in our own city. Somewhere out there, there is a stranger, an animal, or even a friend or family member that may need your compassion and understanding. Stretch out your hand; don’t be afraid to open yourself up to the opportunity of putting a smile on someone else’s face and making a difference in the life of another. REFERENCE: Briski, Z. (Director). (2004). Born into Brothels [Motion Picture]. Henslin, J. (2010). Sociology: A Down to Earth Approach. New York: Prentice Hall.

Singapores Banking and Financial Services Sector

Singapores Banking and Financial Services Sector Introduction Banking and financial services sector as the part of financial system, it includes banking services, securities services, insurances services and other services. With the corresponding the agency includes the bank, securities Company, insurance company and other finance related company. Thanks to location, policy and other factors help, Singapore banking and financial services sector development rapidly. Singapore not only famous with the banking services and other financial services, but also famous with the foreign exchange and stock exchange the â€Å" Singapore Exchange†(SGX), is the 3th largest stock market in the Asia area. Attracted a lot of companies listed here, especially is the Asia area. Singapore successful with the banking and financial is no coincidence, the famous newspaper THE ECNONMIST says: WHEN it started life as an independent, separate country in 1965, Singapores prospects did not look good. Tiny and underdeveloped, it had no natural resources and a population of relatively recent immigrants with little shared history. Why did Singapore become an economic success? First, its strategic location and natural harbor helped. It is at the mouth of the Malacca Strait, through which perhaps 40% of world maritime trade passes. Second, under Mr Lee, Singapore welcomed foreign trade and investment. Third, the government was kept small, efficient and honest—qualities absent in most of Singapores neighbors. (ECNONMIST, 2015). This article wills analysis banking and financial services sector contribution on Singapore economy and challenge. With the corresponding strategic planning to keep the contribution and facing the challenge. Contribution Foreign direct investment (FDI) means that is an investment in a business by an investor from another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased. (Shawn Grimsley, 2012). With economic globalization the company are need to expansion the market in the oversea and the other country also take some actions to attract the foreign company. With the booming of banking and financial market Singapore has successful attract lots of foreign direct investment. Sometime if the country can attract lots of foreign direct investment in some sector mean that this country in this sector has many perfect configuration. First is the perfect law to protect this sector profit, secondly is that has mature market, and finally is this sector in this country has preferential policy. Singapore attract lots of famous company to come here investment, for example Citibankà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Standard Chartered Bankà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ HSBC, and etc. Singapore ranked third, up two notches from l ast year, making it the highest-ranked country in Asia.Singapore was also rated the best among all countries in terms of the efficiency of its goods and labour markets and second for its financial market sophistication. (Sameera Anand, 2009). In interaction, Singapore banking and financial services sector attract many foreign companies and it makes Singapore economy better and better t as an Asia-pacific financial Centre. Provide a lot of employment opportunities. Since Singapore developed this sector, many jobs has been creating. A report shows that when Singapore just out of Malaysia the unemployment rate in this country was reach up to 12%. After development the banking and financial services sector, the unemployed rate decline year by year. This sector derivate banking employees, Securities industry professionals, Employees Insurance and so on. And it achieved remarkable results just like a newspaper say: Singapore had a population of 5.165 million in 2010. 2.795 million of the populations are part of the labour force. In the same year, Singapore had an unemployment rate of 2.2 percent. Singapores unemployment rate is one of the lowest in the world.(ECNONMYWATCH, 2010). Nowadays more and more local students and international students graduate in Singapore. And the baking and financial services sector provides a lot of jobs for them. Challenge Singapore facing the competition from other regions. Singapore has development banking and financial services sector many years, so Singapore has more experiences and more perfect law than the other countries. But with the other countries focus on this sector, more and more countries are narrow the distance with the Singapore. For example Asian financial center in Hong Kong has been long days, Sydney is in the field of trade business and electronic form their own unique niche, relying on the rapid growth of Chinese economy, and Shanghai its financial center is gradually recognized. A report shows that: According to Financial Development 2009 by the World Economic Forum (WEF), Hong Kong ranks 5th worldwide in terms of financial sector development. Along with Tokyo and Singapore, it stands as one of the premier financial centers in Asia. (Dan Steinbock, 2010). With the rise of these areas, Singapore will face the great challenge. Another challenge is Singapore market is too small, which very dependency of global economy. Singapore is a small country that their local market is very limited. In order to development Singapore have to expansion the oversea market. But when some exceptional circumstances Singapore financial sector will shocks, For example the 1997 Asia financial crisis and the 2008 America financial crisis was effect Singapore this sector. So this is the Singapore should face the challenge with their banking and financial service sector. Last but not least, Foreign exchange and capital market activities and other traditional financial services sector in the number and position showed a downward trend. Foreign exchange and financial services sector is very important for Singapore, is the one the most important part in Singapore economy. If it downward trend, it mean in the future Singapore will lose the competitive in this sector. And this is cannot no be ignore challenge for Singapore banking and financial services sector. Strategic planning Banking and financial services sector also need many different skill in this sector. At the same time also need some Professional knowledge to work in this sector. So the training and education is the best way to achieve this target. And Singapore also cooperation with many company to training and education their students. Citi bank is a example: Singapore – Citi Singapore and Singapore Management University (SMU) have jointly launched the first structured financial literacy program for young adults. The program seeks to equip young adults between the ages of 17 and 30 with essential personal financial knowledge and skills to give them a firm foundation in managing their money and a financial head-start early in their working lives. (Author, 2012). And to training and education the students that can make the Singapore financial sector Continuity and innovation. Establishment Orientation is Singapore in development banking and financial sector should. To become a regional financial center, because Financial Services is Singapores financial sector to maintain good competitiveness and an important source of competitive advantage, in order to encourage local personal financial center to remain competitive, government must keep on politically strong, economically stable and industrial management plan. Create a more attractive business environment. The government should take more communication and Strengthen cooperation with the company. Further strengthen Singapores tax environment and Provide better employment environment for the financial services sector. Last but no least is Enhance Singapores financial sector in the international share. 5. Conclusion (1) Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is Singapores central bank, founded in 1971, executed by government departments and professional management, which combines the functions of the Bank to Finance, and many other financial functions, including the development of financial and monetary policy to ensure stable economic growth, sustainable development financial services industries. MAS also support to education and training. SKBI is MAS cooperation with the SUM co-founder to help the students get better education in financial, which to training financial talents. And the MAS also keep communication with many company get the advise to them. Sometime MAS set the rules and regulation bank Provide a good environment for the operation of the banking and financial services sector. And do that to support the banking and financial services sector development in Singapore. (2) Banking and financial services is a crucial part of the Singapore economy, is the highest value-added service industry. Today Singapore can so well developed and well famous in the world, these achievements are inseparable from the support of the banking and financial services sector. So Singapore in the future Continue the development of this sector. Build more and better service in the world, attract more foreign company to invention in Singapore. While keeping the good side and need to innovation, with digital media revolution the banking and financial services sector should innovation. To do that make this sector make more contribution in Singapore economy.

Lord Of The Flies Response Essays -- essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Response Ben Sherry Civilization 9/10/96 There were a lot of underlying reasons to why the boys' civilization failed in the book The Lord of The Flies. They had many problems with each other because the group was split up among friends. One group would go out and do one thing, while the other group would do another. This led to many more problems, such as deciding and agreeing on a leader, who would do what jobs, and most importantly, which of the boys would become the leader of the crew. Futhermore, the boys all seem to dislike Jack and Roger. This will make it extremely hard for either of them to stop singing. Like my father. So, that eliminates them from the picture. Simon and Rex don't seem to be helping much, and When all the boys met each other on the island, th...

The Beatles and the Paul McCartney Hoax :: Research Papers Paul mcCartney Essays

I read the news today, oh boy, about a lucky man who made the grade...he blew his mind out in a car. He didn't notice that the lights had changed.(the Beatles, 1967) These lyrics proved to fans that Paul McCartney had indeed died in a tragic auto accident in late 1966. Some people were skeptical about the explanation, but upon investigating the album covers and the lyrics of the Beatles' songs, the story seems to make sense. Some of the lyrics have to be a twisted in order to make sense in the prank, but after an explanation, the clues are perfectly coherent. For thirty-one years, the "Paul Death Hoax" has intrigued a horde of Beatles' fans and fanatics alike. While it's difficult to point to an absolute point of origination, there is no evidence whatsoever that the Beatles themselves had anything to do with the story, although many claim that the Beatles intended it to be a joke the their fans. However, clues, which seem so cleverly arranged, are random coincidences or inaccurate interpretations of existing facts, and all Beatles have denied that they were in any way involved with the deceit. This leads people to believe that maybe Paul did die in that alleged accident. In the late summer 1969, the Northern Illinois University campus newspaper, Northern Star, obtained a list of clues from a student who wrote a research paper on the hoax. (Saki) Russell Gibb, a disc jockey for the Detroit radio station, WNKR, then got a copy of it from a friend of his, and on his radio show, proceeded to read them and even make up his own on the spot. Within a few days, Gibb and his coworkers were astonished to see that newspapers and reporters took his on-air joke too seriously and spread the story more widely. (Saki) More clues came about when Fred Labour, arts reviewer of the University of Michigan's student newspaper, The Michigan Daily, was asked to review "Abbey Road." He had listened to Gibb's radio show a few days before this, and was inspired to write his own article, based on "clues" from Gibb and making up his own. The newspaper published the article under the title, "McCartney Dead; New Evidence Brought to Light." (Saki) Labour and the editor,! J. Gray, assumed that everyone knew it was a joke. The rest of the world took it seriously, and soon Labour was swamped with phone calls from media who wanted more information about his findings.

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

A Foolish American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy Loman is responsible for his own downfall.   Willy finds his own hero and tries to become the hero in his own existence.   Willy tries to become a very successful businessman, at the start of his career he thinks that no one can tell him what to.   Willy is not good with people, he is good with his hands, he is not a good salesman and he chooses the wrong career.   Willy often makes up stories or changes the stories he knows because he cannot face the truth of his life that he has not accomplished as much as he has planned.   Willy's downfall is his own doing which is brought about by his unrealistic dreams, his pride, his career choice and his failure to manage life's problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy, at a young age, noticed an old salesman who worked at an age of 80 and made a lot of money. The old salesman took orders from no one, he made his own orders and everyone did as the old man said.   When the old salesman, Dave Singleman dies, all the buyers came to his funeral. All the people Dave ever knew came.   There were thousands mourning his death.   From that point, Willy Loman found an awesome dream which he followed the rest of his life.   Willy became a salesman.   Willy is the most unqualified salesman ever!   He never sold a thing.   Willy stops seeing the truth at one point of his life and he relies on his own lies to numb his pain. The pain of knowing he cannot and wont be able to become Dave Singleman.   He is Willy Loman, who is good at fixing the house.   He is not cut out for travelling from city to city and selling goods to people he has never met before.   Willy dramatically dies living out his dream, the dream that never suited Willy Loman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy does not allow people to tell him what to do.   He believes that he cannot be bossed around and that he is too important to fall under anyone's authority but his own.   Willy teaches Biff and Happy not to take orders from anyone.   He thinks this will make Biff, Happy and himself

Pizza †Marketing Essay

2. Summary: a. Overall Score i. With this Competitive Profile Matrix, a couple of conclusions can be made. Firstly, when comparing Pizza Hut to its competitors, it can be seen that Pizza Hut had a higher score than Papa John’s but scored lower than Dominos. This shows that overall Pizza Hut is doing better than Papa John’s in terms of identifying strengths and working with weaknesses. When looking at Dominos, however, it shows that Dominos is a lot better at turning these success factors into strengths rather than weaknesses. b. Weights ii. When focusing on weights alone, however, some other conclusions can be drawn and also differ in outcomes when looking at the overall score. The most important things we identified in the pizza industry are product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising. As a group we weighted product quality and price equally with advertising being the second most important thing. For comparison, it can be seen that Domino’s takes the cake when dealing with product quality, price competitiveness, and advertising especially in the recent years as they have re-launched and revamped their entire recipe and product quality, advertising, marketing, and offering great pricing that are mostly the best deals around. They have owned up to the past disappointments and issues and have completely redone itself entirely for the consumers. By using quality ingredients and constructing their marketing to where the consumers drive their commercials and advertising they have definitely surpassed the other surviving pizza chains. Pizza Hut and Papa John’s comes in a close second to product quality as they are fresh and quality products. Pizza Hut ranks higher than Papa John’s for price competitiveness because as a group we see more Dominos and Pizza Hut deals versus seeing any type of Papa John’s coupons. Also, Papa John’s is priced fairly higher than either Pizza Hut or Dominos. Advertising, however, proves a minor weakness for Pizza Hut as very rarely do you see Pizza Hut commercials in comparison to Dominos and Pap Johns. c. Strengths iii. Pizza Hut is the leader in global expansion and correctly identifies its target market. The company will want to keep this apart of their strengths to keep up and always be a step ahead in these aspects. This will then ensure accessibility which is an important factor for generating revenues and thus creating a loyal customer base. d. Concerns iv. Some areas that Pizza Hut was rated lower than the other two competitors besides the ones addressed above is the organic foods factor. Many people want organic pizzas and the only chain coming close is Papa John’s which uses quality ingredients, some of which either local or organic. Although it does not seem like a huge deal in the present, eventually more and more consumers will be looking for this and have nowhere to turn but the company who falls close to the mark.

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

Weller ilk bottle, glass and fiddle Queering, and plunge of peace. Picasso had four moving photographs in the argu ment of the covert 10 highest auction expenditure characterisations. In an opinion poll he had been overwhelmingly elected to the greatest craftist of the twentieth century. And he is the offshoot impostureificer seen his full treatment collected into the Louvre alive. Once, Picasso dumbfound pitch he was blushering an barren discipline of a pigeon. After detect the clearcutness of his sons technique, Picasso have d bared that his 13 historic plosive consonant old son has surpassed him, and he swore that he will never paint again.Picasso is a genius puma. Most of Picasso icons feature deep styling, which meaner the use of space ruse and line. twentieth century is a degenerate ever-changing world, and this century belongs to Picasso. After the ripen of 30, Picasso entered angiotensin converting enzyme after an separate alert exploration period. Just like his individual(prenominal) life, his whole shebang atomic number 18 lack of consistency, tenaciousness and stability. He did not have fit(p) ideas like galore(postnominal) some other stratagemists, which make his maneuver fickle and elusive. The world never had an operative who restructured artifice like Picasso.Picasso had m whatever influential insures, and Queering was peerless of them. Picasso completed the painting of Queering in 1937. The medium of the painting is cover on canvas. Queering is primarily a state of struggle painting, crack a visual news report of the desolate and chaotic impact of war on civilians. In this ABA 2 painting, plenty atomic number 18 screaming, crying and escaping from the bombing, around pile are still alive, solely some already dead. Humans and animals Jumbled unneurotic into a background of broken hard-edged geometrical shapes, aware of Cubism.Compare to Picasso other paintings in his glum and move up degrees the predominant color of Queering is most(prenominal)ly black, which readiness symbols death. Picasso Queering is most likely influenced by Francisco De Soya, a Spanish mechanic who lots varicolored war paintings. 1906 to 1909 was Picasso African full point. During this period Picasso expression which was strongly influenced by African shape and traditional African acts. slight Demolishes Davidson is an oil painting painted in 1907. Demolishes Davidson was a name given by the French poet And Salmon. The painting was origin aloney called El adjoin Davidson. The painting was influenced by capital of Minnesota Cezannes The Bathers. Picasso blow out devil men figures in the painting and only ducky the basketball team women figures. The reductionism and contortion of space in the painting was incredible, and dislocation of faces explosive. This painting undefendable the true up genius and novelty of Picasso rage. The women turn out as slightly menacing and r endered with angulate and split body shapes.Three figures in the painting depict facial features in the Iberian genius of Picasso native Spain, while the other two are shown with African mask features. Picasso African Period laid a straight readyation for the Cubist revolution. Picasso make expensive contributions to art throughout his sinless life. Pablo Picasso was born(p) in a low family in southern Spain. His father was a painter who specialized in representational depictions of birds and other game. The family go to A halo in 1891, because Picasso father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts.Picasso showed a passion and a skill for draftsmanship from an untimely on age. At the age of 7, Picasso father started to take aim him to the highest degree sketch and painting. And during the trainings Picasso showed that he had exhaustively grasped naturalistic conventions at a rattling young age. In 1895, Picasso 7 socio-economic class old sister enclose di ed of diphtheria. And Picasso was traumatized by her death. After some fractional sessions of art school in Barcelona ABA 3 and Madrid, Picasso pass his adolescence associating with the group of Catalan modernists who ga in that locationd at Else Equate Cats in Barcelona.From thither he moved to Paris, where he quickly fix likened poets and painters. His cipher began to attract terrible critical attention and praise by the period he was twenty. His first senesce work was around 1901, which is classified as his dismal Period. He painted anecdotal scenes of clowns, vagrants, and prostitutes, all in tones of blue. Important early plant life include his Self- Portrait (1901) and La contest (1903). As the time moved forward, Picasso painting true, and he met the right peck in Paris. In 1904, he met Oliver a Bohemia sham and they fell in love, and his flush Period began.His subject matter remained often the like compare to his Blue Period, but his tones were warmer, ro sier with orange tree and pink colors, and the atmosphere of his paintings was gayer. And Olivier appears in more of his rosaceous Period paintings. This is sometimes called Picasso Rose Period, but existently there was no marked technical alternate surrounded by this and the Blue Period. Picasso African influenced Period was during 1907 to 1909 and ceremonious ideas developed during this period convey without delay into the Cubist period that follows.During 1909 to 1912 Picasso and Georges Braques developed Cubism. Cubism is one of the most radical restructuring of the elan that a work of art constructs its signification. Cubism is a terminus that was derived from a reference make to geometric schemes and cubes. Cubism has been known as the first and the most influential of all movements in twentieth century art. Before Picasso did both cubism paintings, there were works exhibiting a raw vividness and violence due to his recitation of monoester art aligned with Europea n primitivism.This contrastive go down provided the dynamic for Picasso work. In his paintings much(prenominal) as Mother and Child, Picasso showed the fetishistic and simplifying aspects of primitivism. In his paintings Picasso apply gifted hues and subdued grays and earth colors. And he found out that shapes could have meaning and identities by their arrangement. Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Noggins, France. And he was buried in the thou of a chiattain the small town of Buenaventura in the south of France.But his contribution for art secured his immortality ABA 4 Pablo Picasso a genius artist in the 20th century, made dread(a) contributions to art throughout his entire life. passim his life, he created hundreds and thousands of paintings with different styles, from Surrealist to neo-classical, shows that his artistic living transcends any one style. When people asked about the cloistered of his artistic creation, he replied battalion dont realize what they hav e when they own a picture by me. Each picture is a phial with my blood. That is what has gone into it. Pablo Picasso is a real genius.Les Demoiselles dAvignonWeller like bottle, glass and violin Queering, and dove of peace. Picasso had four paintings in the list of the top 10 highest auction price paintings. In an opinion poll he had been overwhelmingly elected to the greatest artist of the 20th century. And he is the first artist seen his works collected into the Louvre alive. Once, Picasso father found he was painting an unfinished sketch of a pigeon. After observing the precision of his sons technique, Picasso father realized that his 13 years old son has surpassed him, and he swore that he will never paint again.Picasso is a genius painter. Most of Picasso paintings have rich styling, which meaner the use of space color and line. 20th century is a fast changing world, and this century belongs to Picasso. After the age of 30, Picasso entered one after another restless explorat ion period. Just like his personal life, his works are lack of consistency, continuity and stability. He did not have fixed ideas like many other artists, which made his art fickle and elusive. The world never had an artist who restructured art like Picasso.Picasso had many influential paintings, and Queering was one of them. Picasso completed the painting of Queering in 1937. The medium of the painting is oil on canvas. Queering is primarily a war painting, offering a visual account of the devastating and chaotic impact of war on civilians. In this ABA 2 painting, people are screaming, crying and escaping from the bombing, some people are still alive, but some already dead. Humans and animals Jumbled together into a background of broken hard-edged geometric shapes, reminiscent of Cubism.Compare to Picasso other paintings in his Blue and Rose Periods the predominant color of Queering is largely black, which might symbols death. Picasso Queering is most likely influenced by Francisc o De Soya, a Spanish artist who often painted war paintings. 1906 to 1909 was Picasso African Period. During this period Picasso Style which was strongly influenced by African sculpture and traditional African masks. Less Demolishes Davidson is an oil painting painted in 1907. Demolishes Davidson was a name given by the French poet And Salmon. The painting was originally called El Border Davidson. The painting was influenced by Paul Cezannes The Bathers. Picasso stroke out two men figures in the painting and only pet the five women figures. The reductionism and contortion of space in the painting was incredible, and dislocation of faces explosive. This painting exposed the true genius and novelty of Picasso passion. The women appear as slightly menacing and rendered with angular and disjointed body shapes.Three figures in the painting exhibit facial features in the Iberian style of Picasso native Spain, while the other two are shown with African mask features. Picasso African Period laid a solid foundation for the Cubist revolution. Picasso made valuable contributions to art throughout his entire life. Pablo Picasso was born in a poor family in southern Spain. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. The family moved to A Corona in 1891, because Picasso father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts.Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. At the age of 7, Picasso father started to train him about sketch and painting. And during the trainings Picasso showed that he had thoroughly grasped naturalistic conventions at a very young age. In 1895, Picasso 7 year old sister Contain died of diphtheria. And Picasso was traumatized by her death. After some incomplete sessions of art school in Barcelona ABA 3 and Madrid, Picasso spent his adolescence associating with the group of Catalan modernists who garner at Else Equate Cats in Barcelona.From there he moved to Paris, where he quickl y found likened poets and painters. His work began to attract serious critical attention and praise by the time he was twenty. His first mature work was around 1901, which is classified as his Blue Period. He painted anecdotal scenes of clowns, vagrants, and prostitutes, all in tones of blue. Important early works include his Self- Portrait (1901) and La Vie (1903). As the time moved forward, Picasso painting developed, and he met the right people in Paris. In 1904, he met Oliver a Bohemia model and they fell in love, and his Rose Period began.His subject matter remained much the same compare to his Blue Period, but his tones were warmer, rosier with orange and pink colors, and the atmosphere of his paintings was gayer. And Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings. This is sometimes called Picasso Rose Period, but really there was no marked technical change between this and the Blue Period. Picasso African influenced Period was during 1907 to 1909 and formal ideas develo ped during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.During 1909 to 1912 Picasso and Georges Braques developed Cubism. Cubism is one of the most radical restructuring of the way that a work of art constructs its meaning. Cubism is a term that was derived from a reference made to geometric schemes and cubes. Cubism has been known as the first and the most influential of all movements in 20th century art. Before Picasso did any cubism paintings, there were works exhibiting a raw intensity and violence due to his reading of monoester art aligned with European primitivism.This contrasting position provided the dynamic for Picasso work. In his paintings such as Mother and Child, Picasso showed the fetishistic and simplifying aspects of primitivism. In his paintings Picasso used bright hues and subdued grays and earth colors. And he found out that shapes could have meaning and identities by their arrangement. Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Noggins, France. And h e was buried in the grounds of a chiattain the village of Buenaventura in the south of France.But his contribution for art secured his immortality ABA 4 Pablo Picasso a genius artist in the 20th century, made tremendous contributions to art throughout his entire life. Throughout his life, he created hundreds and thousands of paintings with different styles, from Surrealist to neo-classical, shows that his artistic vitality transcends any one style. When people asked about the secret of his artistic creation, he replied People dont realize what they have when they own a picture by me. Each picture is a phial with my blood. That is what has gone into it. Pablo Picasso is a real genius.