Jollibee Foods Corporation Faces Dilemma - 1355 Words

In a fast paced world dominated by convenience, the market for hamburgers, fried chicken and pizza has had constant and accelerated growth all over the world. Jollibee Foods Corporation faces dilemma: how to develop a global growth strategy to accomplish their long term goals. After the failed strategy of â€Å"targeting expats† and â€Å"planting the flag† , the new international management understands the importance of flexibility when penetrating international markets as a means of remedying the conflicts with franchisees/joint venture and conflicts between divisions. JFC is fast food leader in the Philippines because of it’s the structured organization that is able to support all its operations. It has numerous cost advantages due efficient manufacturing and logistics, along with various business contacts from the Tan Family. It has a superior menu in terms of unique products and taste that give it a competitive advantage over other franchises. JFC values their customer’s loyalty and is family friendly oriented always. They have very creative marketing programs that have made them different in their area. It has had very significant financial growth over the past years, increasing their ability to buy other fast food business expanding their market share. Their employees are under very loyal and receive extensive training so that they too are aware of the 5 F’s and their corporate values. The fast food industry is highly competitive and price wars and marketing innovationsShow MoreRelatedHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pageso div an gies t de o e e ma sing our ener , hav a 1992 by incre ce †¢ Sin further go 4%. by 2 n: Take eps g St o brin vron ear t Che nay billio CHEVRON is a registered trademark of Chevron Corporation The CHEVRON HALLMARK and HUMAN ENERGY are trademarks of Chevron Corporation  ©2006 Chevron Corporation A l rights reserved APRIL 2007 Features 58 What Your Leader Expects of You Larry Bossidy A longtime CEO reveals the behaviors that leaders should look for in their subordinates – behaviors

My Hialeah Story Free Essays

Since I came to live in the United States five years ago, I being in Hialeah all the time, this is my city and my neighborhood. I have found the place where I fell like home a large part of my family lives here and I have found the best people and friends here and full the space left empty when I left my country. In the future I may have to change the city, State or maybe just move to another city but I doesn’t matter where I am Hialeah will always be in my memories and I will never forget it. We will write a custom essay sample on My Hialeah Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now A day of May of two thousand and six I have to sadly move out of my country, leaving behind my city my house, family and friends, the school and all the places and the people that I grow up with and spend very good moments, the most precious things for a seventeen years old boy, and before I could realize all this changes I was already in Hialeah, this when my Hialeah story begins. At this moment everything turns very confusing and inacceptable but now I look back and I don’t regret anything, Hialeah it was the place where everybody welcomes me with open hands and smiles, the reunion with my family was a memorable moment, many of them that I haven’t saw for teen years other I didn’t even know personally and other like my parent and my sister I was crazy to hug them an kiss them. When I realize that I have to start a new life I thought it would be hard but actually it was easy in the school everybody was friendly and helpful the teachers great and the school beautiful at this moment I star felling in home or could say better at this new home. With the pass of the time I would notice that in my new hometown I have many things that I didn’t have in the old one and with a short time I star missing less and less until the day of today that in working and living in the same place, all my family lives here I have many friend and a lifetime of memories build around Hialeah my city. To resume I would say that I’m very happy to end up in Hialeah. Now that I know more people from here and from my country not everyone have the opportunity to live in a fun and happy city like mine. The City of The Progress offer me a lot of opportunities and is situated in a great sunny place with a close beach and best people of the word and because of this and more I love Hialeah. How to cite My Hialeah Story, Papers

History of Marvel Comics free essay sample

Marvel Worldwide, Inc. , commonly referred to as Marvel Comics (formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group) is an American publisher of comic books and related media. Marvel, founded by Martin Goodman, started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko, and others. Marvel is a very successful company and has survived for 75 years so far. Timely’s first publication, Marvel Comic’s #1 (October 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos android superhero the Human Torch, with the first appearance of Namor the Sub-Mariner, as well as other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc. , by the following year Timely had its own staff in place. The companys first true editor, Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1(March 1941). It also proved a major sales hit, with sales of nearly one million copies. After the success with Captain America, Goodman hired Stanley Lieber, his wife’s cousin, as a general office assistant in 1939. Goodman made Leiber, who by then was writing with the alias â€Å"Stan Lee,† interim editor of the comic’s line. Lee kept that position for decades, except for three years during his military service in World War II. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, such as Spider-Man and Iron Man comics. Goodmans and Stan Lee’s business strategy involved publishing his various magazines and comic books by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies,an inactive company used as a vehicle for various financial maneuvers or kept dormant for future use in some other capacity, through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics. All though, some comics covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman formally adopted the name Marvel in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion. With the new name Marvel, Goodmans comic book line dropped them for the most part and expanded into a wider variety of genres than even Timely had published. Such varieties were horror, humor, Westerns, funny animal, mens adventure-drama, giant monster, sports, and war comics, and later adding jungle books, romance titles, espionage, medieval adventure, Bible stories and crime. Goodman began using the globe logo of the Atlas News Company, the newsstand-distribution company he owned on comics cover-dated November 1951 even though another company, Kable News, continued to distribute his comics through the August 1952 issues. This globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, anywhere from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas, rather than innovate, took the typical route of following popular trends in television and movies such as Westerns and war dramas at one point, and drive-in movie monsters another point in time, even other comic books, particularly the EC (Entertaining Comics) horror line. Atlas Comics also published a multitude of childrens and teen humor titles including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost and Homer Hooper. With the continuing downfall in the comic market, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. The first modern comic books under the brand name Marvel Comics were the science-fiction anthology Journey into Mystery #69 and the teen-humor title Patsy Walker #95. Then, after DC Comics success in reviving superheroes in the late 1950s and early 1960s Marvel followed suit. The introduction of Marvels first superhero team, The Fantastic Four, established the companys reputation. The majority of Marvel Comics superhero stories were written by Stan Lee. Lee and Steve Ditko generated the most successful new series in The Amazing Spider-Man. Marvels comics had a reputation for focusing on characterization to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them. Take for example, Iron Man. The character’s name was Anthony Stark, but was known as Tony (Admin1). Tony Stark was an engineer who suffered from a heart injury when he was kidnapped by a group of terrorists. He created a suit of armor that empowered his escape, and helps in protecting the world. Tony Stark is a very witty character. Tony uses sarcasm throughout many comic books, and all of his movies. In 1968 company founder Martin Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News. In the full of that year, he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which grouped them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company. Goodman remained as publisher. Then in 1969, Goodman ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company. Goodman retired as publisher in 1972 and installed his son, Chip, as publisher. Shortly thereafter, Lee succeeded him as publisher and also became Marvels president for a brief time. During his time as president, he appointed as Editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, who added Stan Lee Presents to the opening page of each comic book as a tribute to Stan Lee due to his hard work throughout his years at Marvel. In 1971, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief, Stan Lee, to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industrys self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodmans approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98. But he did so without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year. A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify and achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror, martial arts, sword-and-sorcery, satire and science fiction. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comic’s line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, in the early 1980’s. Despite Marvels successes in the early 1980s, it lost ground to rival DC in the latter half of the decade as many former Marvel stars defected to the competitor. In 1986, Marvels parent, Marvel Entertainment Group, was sold to New World Entertainment, which sold the company within three years sold it to MacAndrews and Forbes, owned by Revlon executive Ronald Perelman. Marvel earned money and recognition during the comic boom in the early 1990’s. One of the reasons for their popularity was the futuristic 2099 line of comics. In 1991 Marvel began selling Marvel Universe trading cards. They went into such a business to diversify out of the struggling comic book industry. Little did they know, that was another dying industry (Musgrove). In 1996, Marvel had almost all its titles participate in the Onslaught Saga, a crossover that allowed Marvel to re-launch some of its primary characters, such as the Avengers and The Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The re-launched titles were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry, however Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe properly. In 1997, Toy Biz and MEG merged to end the bankruptcy by forming a new corporation, Marvel Enterprises. This helped stabilize the comics line. With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and diversified its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119. Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX and Marvel Adventures. In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation. This reboot has allowed some of its characters to be turned into successful film franchises, such as the X-Men movie series, and the highest grossing series Spider-Man which is thought of as one of the most important Marvel super hero. But Graeme Mcmillan writes that â€Å"Thor is Marvel’s most important Superhero. † â€Å"In the incarnation that returns as Thor: The Dark World, the hammer-wielding Asgardian lays claim to the role of central hero in whats now known as the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Just as Marvels The Avengers relied entirely on elements set in motion by the previous years Thor movie, so do events in The Dark World set up threads that will be followed through Guardians of the Galaxy and beyond (To explain more would be a spoiler; suffice to say, stick around for the post-credits scenes this time around). What makes this particularly notable is the fact that, in many ways, Thor is the antithesis of a Marvel super-hero. † (McMillan) Though Marvel has had its ups and downs, they have proved that they can weather any storm. From it’s beginning with Martin Goodman marvel has remained a strong entity in the comic world. People ask what is next for Marvel, since they have successfully crossed over to the big screen, but that remains to be seen. Marvel is thought of as a strong business, and will be for many years to come.

Secret Life Of Walter Mitty Essays - Cinema Of The United States

Secret Life Of Walter Mitty The outline of the secret life of Walter Mitty The story is about Walter Mitty, a henpecked and daydreaming urban man, who often depends on daydreaming to escape real life. As the story begins, Walter Mitty is driving his wife to town for an appointment at a beauty shop. Triggered by the wild storm, he begins to imagine himself as the commander of a Navy hydroplane. He dreams that the plane is in trouble but the members of the crew have complete faith in his ability. One member of the crew says, The Old Man'll get us through. Mitty is brought back from this daydream by his wife's voice, as she says, Not so fast! You're driving too fast! What are you driving so fast for? His second daydream is activated by his wifes suggestion to see Dr. Renshaw and put on gloves. In the second daydream, he fancies that he is helping several famous physicians save a millionaire by fixing a complicated machine that no one in the East can fix. He even envisages that he finally acts as operator. He is pulled back into reality by the shouting of a parking-lot attendant. Annoyed by the embarrassment at the parking lot and the failure of his memory and stimulated by the shouting of a newsboy about the Waterbury trial, Mitty sets off the third daydream in which he is on trial for murder. In the trial, he accurately recalls and valiantly admits that he has killed Gregory Fitzhurst despite the efforts of his attorney to prove his innocence. He was aroused to reality by his subconscious murmuring of puppy biscuit and the laughing of a passing woman. Sitting into a big leather chair in the lobby, he starts his fourth daydream by looking at the pictures of bombing planes and of ruined streets in an old copy of Liberty. He fancies that he heroically volunteers to undertake a risky task of bombing the ammunition dump. His wifes sudden appearance and scolding him like a mother terminate his fantasy. Mitty sinks deeper and deeper into his secret life until he faces the firing squad. Here it is hard to judge what is real and what isnt. What is clear is that he is no longer a hero, but a little, helpless boy. Education Essays

Free Essays on Seamus Heany Childhood Poems

Seamus Heany â€Å"Examine in a range of poems the poetic significance Heany gives to his collection of childhood and early youth â€Å" Heany’s earlier poems are derived from his childhood experiences, and in particular they way he feels he relates to his family ‘Digging’ and ‘Follower’, and how he has blossomed from his upbringing ‘Death of a Naturalist. Born and brought up in a farming community in Ireland, his roots are explicitly nature based, his adoration for his father and respect for the land and his work and very prominent. In the poem ‘Digging’, watching his father at work in the garden inspires him, and inturn brings back memories of when he was young- digging within his memory. Symbolically going beyond the surface, and shifting in time as his father shifts the dirt. He recalls the rhythmic â€Å"clean rasping sound† which is all-real to him, and he conveys this well to his audience. He greatly admires and idolises his father, speaking fondly of special bonding times they shared together. â€Å"To scatter new potatoes that we picked† He changes his tone in the fifth stanza, where he reflects in awe of his grandfathers talent. He’s obviously very proud of him, and of his family’s heritage, as he boasts â€Å"My grandfather cut more turf in one day than any other man† in a way, a passion for digging, blowing its great-ness out of proportion. He creates the picture as he describes giving his granddad milk while he was working in the field one day, a particular memory that has remained fresh in his mind, recalling how he â€Å"straightened up to drink then fell right away nicking and slicing neatly† This must have made quite an impression on him as a young boy, witnessing his strength, effort and vigour of body. He again changes his tone, and matches that on the opening stanza. As he has â€Å"no spade to follow men like them, in a way conveying a sense of inadequacies, that he’s not quite good eno... Free Essays on Seamus Heany Childhood Poems Free Essays on Seamus Heany Childhood Poems Seamus Heany â€Å"Examine in a range of poems the poetic significance Heany gives to his collection of childhood and early youth â€Å" Heany’s earlier poems are derived from his childhood experiences, and in particular they way he feels he relates to his family ‘Digging’ and ‘Follower’, and how he has blossomed from his upbringing ‘Death of a Naturalist. Born and brought up in a farming community in Ireland, his roots are explicitly nature based, his adoration for his father and respect for the land and his work and very prominent. In the poem ‘Digging’, watching his father at work in the garden inspires him, and inturn brings back memories of when he was young- digging within his memory. Symbolically going beyond the surface, and shifting in time as his father shifts the dirt. He recalls the rhythmic â€Å"clean rasping sound† which is all-real to him, and he conveys this well to his audience. He greatly admires and idolises his father, speaking fondly of special bonding times they shared together. â€Å"To scatter new potatoes that we picked† He changes his tone in the fifth stanza, where he reflects in awe of his grandfathers talent. He’s obviously very proud of him, and of his family’s heritage, as he boasts â€Å"My grandfather cut more turf in one day than any other man† in a way, a passion for digging, blowing its great-ness out of proportion. He creates the picture as he describes giving his granddad milk while he was working in the field one day, a particular memory that has remained fresh in his mind, recalling how he â€Å"straightened up to drink then fell right away nicking and slicing neatly† This must have made quite an impression on him as a young boy, witnessing his strength, effort and vigour of body. He again changes his tone, and matches that on the opening stanza. As he has â€Å"no spade to follow men like them, in a way conveying a sense of inadequacies, that he’s not quite good eno...

5-Paragraph Essay on Abraham Lincoln

5-Paragraph Essay on Abraham Lincoln 5-Paragraph Essay on Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was born on February 12, 1809 and died at the age of 56 on the 4th day of March 1861. Lincoln was the president of the United States for four years from 1861 to 1865. Lincoln was born in Hardin County in the state of Kentucky in a small cabin that only had one room. His parents, Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks were farmers who had a large track of land that measured 348 acres on which their cabin was situated. His parents were uneducated, however. Lincoln’s political career began in 1832 when he created a political campaign for a political party known as the Whig Party. This party was based on efforts that sought to improve navigation on the neighboring river. Ten years later, Lincoln married the love of his life, Mary Todd, with whom he had four sons. Unfortunately, only one of his four sons did not survive into adulthood. Lincoln’s participation in active national politics took a turn for the better in 1842 when he campaigned and was elected to the US House of Representatives. While at the House of Representatives, Lincoln accomplished a number of things including accrediting the American-Mexican war to then president, Polk. Lincoln was, however, not a popular figure with the democrats, due to his speeches that tended to go against the beliefs of the Democratic Party. In 1960, Lincoln’s political star had grown so much such that he was nominated by the Republican Party to become their presidential candidate. His temperate views on the issues of western origin and slavery are said to have significantly contributed to his preference as a Republican candidate. Throughout the election period, Lincoln did not give any speeches but instead gave the Republican organization charge of any speeches that were required. On the 6th day of November 1860, Lincoln assumed the highest office in the US when he was elected to the office of the president of the land. It was during Lincoln’s presidency that the Civil War began. This war began in the year 1861 and ended up consuming a large portion of Lincoln’s time as the president of America. Biographies of Lincoln report that Lincoln often found himself very frustrated by the events that were taking place in the war. The war eventually ended on the 9th day of April 1865 when Robert Lee decided to surrender in Virginia. The 14th day of April, 1865 is a popular day in Lincoln’s presidency because this is the day when, inside the Ford’s theater, Lincoln had gone to watch a play without his bodyguard who apparently had knowledge of the president’s planned assassination. It was while Lincoln watched the funniest part of the play, while seated on the balcony, that he was shot point blank in the head by John Wilkes Booth who had hoped that the noise from the cheers and laughter would swallow up the noise of the gunshot. Booth was captured, however, and the president passed away a few hours later. How to write a five paragraph essay about Abraham Lincoln: In the first paragraph, introduce your thesis. Make sure that you choose a contradictory thesis statement, otherwise, there wont be anything to support with further arguments. Take three major arguments that support your thesis and build three separate paragraphs to describe and support them. Dont forget to add your own opinion, but avoid being too emotional in it. Do you need a top-quality custom essay about Abraham Lincoln? Visit and order a custom written essay now!

The main ways to promote Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The main ways to promote - Term Paper Example The lack of adequate product promotion can fail any business whether big or small. Hence, it is highly necessary to disseminate the product to the largest segment; if a business intends to attract large numbers of customers. The underlying key factor to any business’s success remains centered on having a good promotion. There are many ways to promote a product in Qatar, but the most effective ways include advertising, personal selling, discounts and special offers. This paper discusses the main ways to promote a product and which ways better to apply promotion in Qatar. However good the product, it is highly unlikely to sell itself, which is why a good promotion becomes necessary; to ensure a company markets its products efficiently to its customers. Effective ways to promote a product successfully in a competitive market include the following: Media promotions may involve using radio, television, newspapers, magazines, posters and billboards, or handing out leaflets in the street or homes. Small agro-processors find the use of television and newspapers as unrealistic options, but following several market types of research other approaches seem viable. A majority of businesses utilize the radio approach by using a number of rural radio stations to promote their products. This approach not only promotes products to a wider segment of consumers, but it also offers the possibility of relatively low-cost advertising. The other alternative that has proven effective in promoting a product a product using commercials on televisions involves the out-of-home TV viewing (Stafford, 2005). Most people hate commercials, so they tend to change channels when commercials come up; that is why home-TV viewing cannot effectively suit as a way of promoting a company’s products. However, people tend to find it interesting watching comme rcials when on the move for example in buses, in shops,

The impact of iPads on children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The impact of iPads on children - Research Paper Example A number of studies have been conducted to show the positive benefits of iPads and tablet PC’s on children. In one such study conducted by Dundar & Akcayir (2012) that sought to try and compare the electronic reading performance, reading comprehension and reading speed of primary school 5th-class students using printed books and tablet PCs, the researchers selected a randomly selected sample size of 20 students. The study was designed in such a manner that the students were divided into the two groups of a control group and a treatment group. Whereas the students in the control book read ordinary printed books, the students in the treatment group read the same text on electronic tablet PC display. The findings of the study showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in either reading speed or reading comprehension. However the study found that students’ opinions pertaining to the use of tablet PCs was significantly positive. The ergonomics, display quality and availability of tablet PCs was noted to have a positive effect on students who could read the text on the tablets like a book (Dundar & Akcayir, 2012). Tablet PCs can be used in both the vertical and horizontal positions and the size of the text can be easily adjusted to allow for students to read the books more easily and hence make the learning process easier. The results of this study were found to be similar to that which was conducted by Clarke & Svanaes (2012) that analyzed the feasibility of giving pupils tablets. In this study, researchers established that the iPad greatly contributed to the motivation of pupils to become more engaged with school work. The study also showed that tablets were especially beneficial to children that happened to have special educational needs. The technology promotes inclusion and improves com munication and

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay Example for Free

To investigate the resistance of a wire Essay In this experiment the factor to be investigated is the resistance of a wire in a circuit when the wires length is altered. This means that all other factors must stay the same or else this would not be a fair test. I am going to investigate how different lengths of wire affect the resistance in a circuit. I am using a voltmeter and an ammeter to measure the current in the circuit after the length of wire is changed. I am going to use five different lengths of wire and in order to make sure that this is a fair test and the results are accurate, I will repeat each experiment three times and work out the average. The results will not be completely accurate as the length of wire may not be accurate. I also may not have put the voltage on the power box exactly on the right voltage. Other factors that affect the rate of reaction are Electricity. When the electricity is increased, the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter immediately change. If by accident anyone touches the knob on the power pack, the electricity given out into the circuit changes, therefore making the experiment unfair. I will work out resistance in Ohms by using Ohms Law, which is: V=IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance) The whole experiment must be as fair as possible. I will measure out the wire correctly and keep the power pack on the same voltage, in order to keep it a fair test. I will also repeat each experiment three times to make sure it is accurate. I will then draw the graph using the averages. Prediction I predict that the longer the wire is, the more resistant it will be. I. e. If the wire is 5cm, more electricity will get through the circuit than if it were a 45cm piece, at the same voltage. This is because in a long length of wire, there is more space for the electrons to move and so the more times the free electrons will collide with other free electrons. In a short length of wire, the electrons are close together and have a lower collision rate than those in a long piece of wire. This theory is backed up by Ohms law, which Apparatus Method   Collect Apparatus as shown in diagram.   Set up apparatus as shown.   Make sure power pack is set to 3v.   Measure out 15cm of wire. Clip the crocodile clips onto each end of the measured length of wire. Turn on the power pack.   Look at readings on Ammeter and Voltmeter and write down results.   Re measure and repeat two more times before moving on to next experiment.   Work out average of each experiment and use that in the graph. Safety To keep myself and others around me safe, the following should be followed: Not do this experiment near water, as people could get electrocuted. People should not touch the wire while the experiment is taking place as it could be hot and it could burn them. Girls with long hair should tie it back as they may knock something over with their hair. Results Experiment 1 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 1Experiment 2 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 30cmExperiment 3 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter. 17 Experiment 5 Wire (cm) Readings of Ammeter Readings of Voltmeter 75cm 0. 23 3. 23 75cm 0. 21 3. 22 75cm 0. 22 3. 23 I have worked out the averages of each experiment with a calculator to one decimal place. Here are the averages of each experiment: Wire (cm) Averages of Ammeter readings Averages of Voltmeter readings 15cm 0. 85 2. 65 30cm 0. 49 2. 96 45cm 0. 34 3. 08 60cm 0. 26 3. 16 75cm 0. 22 3. 20 Using the averages from the experiments, I have worked out the resistance of the wire. This is shown on the graph. Wire (cm) Averages of Resistance (Ohms). Conclusions My results agree with my prediction. When the length of wire is longer, there is more space for the electrons to move through the wire, therefore there is a higher chance of them colliding with each other and creating resistance. I have also seen that, through the course of the experiments, the Ammeter readings decrease, and the voltmeter readings increase. Evaluation My experiments all went well, except the Graph shows that the results are close to perfect apart from the last experiment. I noticed that through the course of the experiments, the Voltmeter readings seem to get higher in value and the Ammeter readings seem to decrease. If I had more time, I would have done the experiments more times each for a fairer test. I would also use more accurate and new equipment, as the equipment I used has been used many times before and may not measure the resistance perfectly. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Creating Tension in Act 2 of The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay

Creating Tension in Act 2 of The Crucible by Arthur Miller Arthur Miller's play The Crucible is set in Salem in 1692. At that time there was a lot of tension, as many people were being accused of witchcraft and being against God. In the play Miller shows how the accusations affected everyone in Salem. Miller creates a sense of tension by setting the scene in a "low, dark room." This room is quiet and gloomy as very little light is getting in. Miller does this to create an atmosphere which is unhappy and depressing. The tension is already high as the scene before ended with satanic accusations. The room is bare, which is unwelcoming, and it seems unlived in as nothing is out of place. Miller uses the scenery to bring atmosphere to the stage before the characters enter, he also uses the bareness to get the audience to focus purely on the actors and the dialogue. The stage directions show how John and Elizabeth act when they are around each other, for example "a sense of their separation arises". Here we can see that even though they are married they seem very alone, the cause of this is due to their different personalities. "She doesn't want friction, and yet she must". Elizabeth dislikes the way John treats her. She also is upset with him as in previous scenes we see that he has had an affair with Abigail. Miller uses the affair and the fact that John is keeping secrets about the background to accusations, to build a sense of conflict between Elizabeth and John. The language used is from the period the play is set in, the 1600's. The dialogue in this scene, begins quite softly but becomes harsh, as Elizabeth and John argue at the climax of the scene. When Elizabeth and John converse they begin poli... ... John is shown as a deceiver, as he is in the dominant of the two and keeps secrets from Elizabeth. We see proof of this when he adds more salt to the food that she had prepared earlier, without her knowledge, and later compliments her, "it's well seasoned". This is an empty complement. He further expresses his dominance by ordering her around "Woman. I'll not have your suspicion anymore". Men of this period where at a higher position in society they where seen to be strong and forceful, this is why John tries to press his dominance on her. Miller draws attention to this side of his character in order to heighten the sense of conflict between them. In The Crucible Miller wanted to create a sense of tension and conflict. He successfully used the beginning of act 2 to achieve this by clever use of lighting, sparse scenery, characterisation and dialogue.

About Some Of Materials And Others Architecture Essay

It is photo flawlessness for life already available in the market. In fact, the university where I graduated had this in there office. It is attractively functional which gives more value and exceeding printouts. You will want more to this because it has arresting 4800 dpi exposures with 2-pl ink droplets. It has crisp black text with superior pigment ink. Elegant arc-line design tantrums in anyplace and all right print caput engineering for high printing velocity is merely things you could detect. It has long permanent exposures with Chroma Life 100. They have redefined the rudimentss like ne'er earlier. More choice print, more value, plus more manner with the iP1880 inkjet pressman. Form its well-defined arc-line design to its mirror-finish surface ; every item of the PIXMA iP1880 exudes beauty. Which makes looking at it every bit enjoyable as publishing the most superb paperss and images from it. With the most desirable facet about it is its practical cost- of ownership and with the new more low-cost PG-830 & A ; CL-831 bundled inks, publishing more is now pure pleasance with the PIXMA iP1880.Sony DSC-G1: the WIFI CamThis is a reappraisal of digital camera, which was brought by my friend. He proudly told us that the unit is alone because it could be connected to any Wi-Fi zone. I said great, it is rather cool. I thought every camera characteristic has already been thought of, but I was incorrectly. This being the radio connectivity epoch, digital cameras should besides be wireless. Enter the Sony 6.0 megapixel Cybershop DSC-G1, which fits 600 exposure in its high-end capacity. It besides has 2 GB internal memory – so no demand for MCs. The company created it with a ace steady shooting and ISO 1000 high sensitiveness to avoid fuzzs on your smilings. The high spot, of class, is its capableness to direct exposures wirelessly to other Digital Living Network Alliance-enabled devices. It is already available in the market since 2008.IPhone: my personal reappraisalThere are grounds I want to portion why I am non purchasing the iPhone merchandises. Yes, I drooled over Apple ‘s entry into the nomadic market, thanks to Steve Jobs ‘ usual selling thaumaturgy. After some consideration and reviews I browsed in the cyberspace, I decided the quad-band smartphone is non for me. There is nil new in iPhone. The vaunted multi-touch interface is something I do non necessitate. Even apple ‘s industrial design squad does non acquire everything right the first attempt. Just ask Mr. MacBook. Real keys are better than practical 1s. If you need to come in text rapidly, touch-sensitive buttons are non recommended. Large screen means large exposure. I like maintaining my appliance in my pockets, along with keys, coins and my bravo ‘s knife. The iPhone ‘s large show means there is a large opportunity it will endure large harm. There is no support for 3rd party apps. Steve Jobs says, â€Å" It is to maintain people from put ining package that can convey down cell webs † . I say it limits the appliance ‘s versatility. Last, it has losing memory card slot. Hmmm. 8GB is a batch, but non if you want to convey around all your music. Apple ‘s borders have ever been immense, and the iPhone is no exclusion.Ford Ranger ; a cool public-service corporationTrucks used to be, well – merely trucks. Not any longer! The new trucks offered by auto makers the past old ages have changed the image of ‘Utes ( slang for public-service corporation ) , and with that, those who drive them. Welcome the new coevalss of public-service corporation vehicles-trucks you will non mind being seen anyplace even in rural countries in the Philippines. While Mitsubishi took its Strada for a entire aesthetic inspection and repair, doing it prettier, Ford introduced the new Ranger in 2006 with decorative ascents that made it look even more butch and tough. Revised bumpers, a new grill, wing flairs, and fog lamps stand out in the ascent, giving the Texas Ranger a more aggressive facia reminiscent of its bigger and tougher sibling, the F150. A no-frills inside remind you that the Ranger is first and foremost, a public-service corporation vehicle, with merely an ascent on the guidance wheel, gage bunch and stereo that intimations at modernness. The drive, thrust and feel of the 2007 Ranger cement its repute as a true workhorse on wheels. Elude engine and unsmooth drive remind you repeatedly that this is non a truck feigning to be a auto, and is proud to be what it is. It can tow more than 5,500 lbs and is, literally, good for the long draw. It may non be your first pick of drive if you are be aftering to take your long-time crush out on a first day of the month, but it is decidedly, the truck you will desire to drive for a weekend.A Holiday to Taal Vista HotelI could give at least four grounds that I could travel back to Taal Vista Hotel with my good friends. First, it is the position of nature and the Taal vent. You can commune with the nature and breathe easy by hanging out for hours at the position deck. The hotel now boasts of being one of the state ‘s most outstanding hotels frequented by Filipinos and aliens. With its munificent characteristics, service-oriented staff, and a beautiful position, what more can guests ask for. Second, it has green environing. Childs and kids-at-heart can lounge on the grass and play for merriment. My two nephews truly enjoyed their twenty-four hours. You are free, you can bask sauntering around, and you can run into new friends. Third, they call it Wi-Fi by the lake. It would be nice to sip hot cocoa and web log about the lovely position while waiting for the sundown. Wi-Fi at the Taal Vista Hotel was established in December 2006. Now, vacationists can bask Wi-Fi anyplace in the hotel, even in the comfort of their ain suites. Last, it is the nutrient that I liked and enjoyed. The cocoa eruption bar is more than plenty of a ground to do me leap into my auto and nothing to Tagaytay. I have to seek the house fortes from the a La menu bill of fare. I got the Crispy Tawalis – native fish found in Taal – served on a bed of Crispy noodle strips. I vastly enjoyed its brawny helping, crispy texture, and tasty soy-chili sauce. There is one thing I will ne'er bury from that trip. The grass by the position deck was so inviting I really rolled around and put on the grass. I was in my ain merriment land, and no digital camera can capture the perfect smiling on my face.Asustek P735At first glimpse, the P735 looks like a thenar device, but the similarity ends at that place. This 3G-enabled PDA phone self-praises of its sole ASUS package. One such package allows the user to command PowerPoint presentations on a laptop via Bluetooth. Not to be left out are the imaging maps, which include a 2-megapixel camera and a secondary 1 for picture naming. This babe runs on Windowss Mobile, which besides allows users to redact Word and Excel paperss on the spell.LG Prada KE850LG ‘s KE850 tries to take a page out of Apple ‘s book. Sporting minimum buttons in the forepart similar to the iPhone, the LG KE850 makes usage of a touch screen for assorted maps. With GPRS, Bluetooth, and WAP-enabled, it boasts of a consti tutional wireless, PIM functionality, and a 2-megapixel camera at the dorsum. Though its characteristics resemble that of the typical PDA, it is still really different from the iPhone. However, if you want to add bling to your aggregation of devices, the Prada KE850 is more than a worthy campaigner.BlackBerry PearlBlackBerry devices in our state, Philippines, are limited. They are normally the little, broad, QWERTY-enabled monochrome appliances for bourgeoiss. BlackBerry ups its offering with its latest babe, the Pearl. The BlackBerry Pearl ‘s design is rather similar to today ‘s smartphones. It is equipped with 1.3 megapixel camera and is EDGE-enabled. Data entry and pilotage, nevertheless, are limited to the keyboard and the pearl trackball.Oakley Thump 2It is a brace of dark glassess with a constitutional digital music participant. Those are the basics-the border here is Oakley makes it. It is pricey from the beginning, nut has unparalleled optics right out of the box ; that has ne'er been a inquiry. It barely gets better than Oakley does. The existent inquiry is here: Does Oakley, the dark glassess company, has anything to oppose against Apple, the iPod company, in the DM sphere. In add-on, would a combo sunglass-digital music participant have any opportunity against 100s of options available out at that place? In add-on, what are those monetary values? About its optics, the glass is unimpeachable. When you put the dark glassess on, it is obvious why it costs much more than its brethren do. The design is cool and trendy, which might give it jobs someplace down the route when manner winds blow in a different way. About its sound, it is your basic participant – with a robust, full sound, and great treble-could bash with a spot more bass, but it is non moth-eaten. Personally, I find the upper volume bounds excessively low for my ears. I loaded up Chris Daughtry ‘s introduction album and found it strange that the first path crackled in the ear buds, while the other cuts sounded great. I determined it must be the encryption, non the cogwheel.Make cods D810: travel with mannerYou should ne'er acquire lost with this Do cod. The Do cod D810 is truly a spectator even for a non-PDA phone user. Its elegant, glistening outside is made of an acrylic bed, and non of plastic, as I thought. This fashionable PDA phone comes in two colourss, polished Black and Immaculate white. The Do pod D810 ‘s expression does non take away from its characteristics: it packs many power characteristics, giving other PDA phones a tally for their money. Triping applications was ever a catch, and the picture I have watched played swimmingly with the D810 ‘s Windowss media participant. It comes with nomadic version of MS word, excel, and PowerPoint. Battery life averaged at least a twenty-four hours and a half to two yearss. If the unit runs out of battery, the information in my D810 will non be erased, thanks to Windowss mobile 5 ‘s relentless storage memory. The Do cod D810 is lightweight and can easy be placed inside your bloomerss pocket. Users who want to compose SMS in the conventional manner may make so by utilizing Do cod ‘s constitutional practical phone tablet. Make pod late released an update to trip the GPS bit of D810. Once activated, the bit can suit third-party GPS apps on the D810 to let screening of maps. The bottom line is that the Do cod D810 is a must-have { DA phone for people going a batch, whether for concern or leisure. You will ne'er acquire lost with its constitutional GPS. Just do non lose the D810Olympus mju 725SW: any season shot, anyplace!A camera you would non go forth buttocks. Built with metal organic structures, mju cameras are every bit tough as some of the low-cost SLR organic structures do today. The first digital mju theoretical accounts, with the line ‘s repute for quality and stamina, were a sight for picture taking partisans. The Olympus mju 725SW is no exclusion. A three x optical rapid climb lens paired with a 7.1 megapixel CCD detector is used for the imaging maps of this camera. Using folded optics engineering, the lens does non widen or abjure upon concentrating and whizzing. This makes the mju 725SW really compact. A bright 2.5-inch screen is used for the rear show. With Olympus ‘s bright gaining control engineering, the camera ‘s public presentation in low visible radiation is enhanced. This invention is used to take good images underwater, efficaciously hiking sensitiveness and the show ‘s brightness. The folded optics design requires that the lens be placed off-center to maximise infinite without increasing majority. However, your left manus may sometimes barricade the lens if you are non excessively careful. The bottom line is that with its compact bundle that can defy whipping and the elements, what has non to love about the Olympus mju 725SW? I could merely conceive of the originative possibilities with such alone characteristics.Samsung CLP-300 Color Laser Printer: the universe ‘s smallest colour optical maser pressman.When we have our â€Å" suislide † and â€Å" dip † escapades at Danao, Bohol, Philippines, we instantly have our images taken by the forces in that country. We merely paid PhP50 for the immediate image we had. I was really astonied. I asked the adult female who is in-charge about the name of the pressman. It is Samsung CLP-300 Color Laser Printer. Experience twice the power in half the size with Samsung ‘s CLP-300. The universe ‘s smallest and lightest colour optical maser pressman weighs merely 13.6 kilograms and covers an country merely every bit little as an unfastened magazine. Designed to dispute the place and little office market ‘s colour inkjet monopoly, the Samsung CLP-300 series provides a compact and low-cost option to monochrome optical maser pressmans and colour inkjets, offering matchless lucidity and print quality with a 2400 ten 600 dpi declaration. The pressman boasts a print velocity of four pages per minute ( ppm ) for colour printing and a solid 16 ppm for black and white printing, while keeping ultra-quiet printing with Samsung ‘s patented Non-orbiting Noiseless Optics Imaging System ( NO-NOIS ) engineering. With this engineering, the Samsung CLP-300 operates at a lower noise degree than any standard multi-pass pressman. Its advanced and convenient bottle-shape toners besides provide hassle-free toner alterations.To the Filipino young personI took a quotation mark from Jose Rizal ‘s verse form, A LA Juventud Filipina ( To the Filipino Youth ) – in which Jose Rizal said that the young person is the hope of the fatherland. That celebrated line is still mere words, largely used during addresss but seldom being realized. It is during elections that the celebrated lines are being overused, trusting to lure immature electors, to animate and to give them hope. In add-on, it is during this clip that the being of the other causes person ‘s non-existence merely because they want power. The thought of ABS-CBN ‘s Boto Mo Ipatrol Mo is simple: to maintain Filipinos vigilant, to acquire the people to care and to take action. It gives Filipinos a opportunity to talk up and eschew the possibility of bloodshed. However, it was a smack on the brow when the chance to be a portion of the Boto Mo Ipatrol Mo: Ako Ang Simula came here in our state and got merely small support from a certain school. It was non merely a smack. It was an earth-shaking smack. I could number the figure of participant who attended the assemblage and forums. That was a sad thing. It was rather a shame in that peculiar school. However, I would non nail everyone who was non at that place. The deficiency of engagement from the pupils and the people was likely due to inefficient airing of the information. It could hold been better if categories were suspended in order to let pupils to take part the said activity without worrying the categories. However, I could non agitate off what is obvious, that is apathy. Majority of the young person, largely pupils, merely travel in and out. They ne'er take clip to halt, read, and listen. In add-on, it reflects the immature people of our society. Majority of the young person today base on balls by at the deafening sound of unfairness and the call for freedom and alteration, with earpieces plugged in. merely few are able to stand and talk up. Merely few would draw off their earpieces and listen to the calls they ever hear but ne'er cared to listen. Let us all be hearers. Let us all be argus-eyed. Let us all maintain our values intact, be responsible and be the young person in Rizal ‘s A La Juventud Filipina. Let us be the alteration we want to see.Know your Philippine presidential and frailty presidential campaigners.Here are some of the presidential campaigners:Gilbert Eduardo Gerardo â€Å" Gibo † Cojuangco Teodoro Jr.He is a attorney, politician, and a former president of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD party. Aside from forcing for reforms, he besides called for more financess for the armed forces ‘s modernisation plan. His running mate is Edu Manzano, a Television personality.Joseph Ejercito Estrada.He is an histrion, politician, and the former president. He banners the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Laban Party ( PDP-LABAN ) . His disposal marked the meteorologic rise of concern barons and intensifying insurgence in Mindanao. Estrada ‘s running mate is Jejomar â€Å" Jojo † Cabauatan Binay, the incumbent city manager of Makati metropolis. Jojo has this passion for the protection of the human rights as seen by his Acts of the Apostless of giving free legal aid to hapless clients and victims of human rights maltreatments during the Marcus government.Manuel â€Å" Manny † Bamba Villar Jr.He is a bourgeois and politician. He is the president of the Nacionalista Party. He organized the â€Å" adult male on wheels † plan, a support preparation school housed in a new wave that makes unit of ammunitions in down countries. He besides authored the New Magna Carta for Small and Medium Enterprises ( RA 6289 ) . Villar ‘s running mate is Lorna Regina Bautista Lagarda. She authored Torahs that protect the rights of adult females, young person and kids.Benigno Simeon â€Å" Noynoy † Cojuangco Aquino IIIHe is a politician. He passed house measures like HB 4251. This grants the one-year productiveness inducements to all workers in private sectors. The HB 4397 strengthens the power of the Department of trade and Industry ( DTI ) . Aquino ‘s running mate is Manuel â€Å" Mar † Araneta Roxas II, an economic expert and politicia n. Mar ‘s protagonism includes the rights of every Filipino to low-cost medical specialties. He besides authored the Roxas Law ( Republic Act No. 7880 ) which ensures just distribution of the instruction capital budget among all the states.

Cracking the Myan Code

Watching the NOVA special Cracking the Maya Code made me realize a lot of things about the Maya’s and about their language that I had never before known. I thought it was very interesting how they figured out the Dresden codex correlated to a time the universe had started. Even more than that, they correlated that to our calendar, to help them date the hieroglyphics that they found. I think it is really interesting how they recreated what the Maya cities would have looked like, and how the civilizations would have been. I think one of the most important discoveries described in the video though was the one stilla of the Mayans has historical relevance. This discovery helped the archeologists to put together a much better picture of history and of life in Maya time. It is as close to written document as the historians are going to get, which makes it so cool that they found this discovery. | Another interesting thing I found in the video was the disappearance of language of hieroglyphics. I didn’t know that Maya’s were forced away from that language, and that many now did not know how to read it. I just kind of thought of it as a ‘dead language’ not as one that was a native language that had been purposely eliminated. That was one of the most interesting and saddest things that I found in the video. I wonder if the language of hieroglyphics had stayed more relevant if it would be easier for historians to find information about the culture, because they wouldn’t have to do as much language depiction.

A Look at Kinesthetic Learners and Methods

A Look at Kinesthetic Learners and Methods A Look at Kinesthetic Learners: Kinesthetic learners typically learn best by doing. They are naturally good at physical activities like sports and dance. They enjoy learning through hands-on methods. They typically like how-to guides and action-adventure stories. They might pace while on the phone or take breaks from studying to get up and move around. Some may seem fidgety, having a hard time sitting still in class. Key Learning Methods: Kinesthetic learners learn best through doing including manipulating items, simulations and role plays, and other methods for presenting subject matter that physically involve them in the learning process. They enjoy and learn well from experimenting and first hand experience. Further, they learn best when activities are varied during a class period. Ways to Adapt Lessons: Vary instruction not only from day-to-day but also within a single class period. Provide students with as many opportunities as your curriculum warrants to complete hands-on work. Allow students to role-play to gain further understanding of key concepts. Provide students with the opportunity to work in small discussion groups as they study materials. If possible, plan a field trip that can help reinforce key concepts. Allow students to stretch partially through the class if they seem to become restless. Other Learning Styles: Visual Learners Auditory Learners

Lydia Pinkham Was an Inventor and Marketer

Lydia Pinkham Was an Inventor and Marketer Only a woman can understand a womans ills.- Lydia Pinkham Lydia Pinkham was an inventor and marketer of famous patent medicine Lydia E. Pinkhams Vegetable Compound, one of the most successful products ever marketed specifically for women. Because her name and picture were on the label of the product, she became one of the best-known women in America. Occupation: inventor, marketer, entrepreneur, business managerDates: February 9, 1819 - May 17, 1883Also known as: Lydia Estes, Lydia Estes Pinkham Lydia Pinkham Early Life Lydia Pinkham was born Lydia Estes. Her father was William Estes, a wealthy farmer, and shoemaker in Lynn, Massachusetts, who managed to become wealthy from real estate investments. Her mother was Williams second wife, Rebecca Chase. Educated at home and later at Lynn Academy, Lydia worked as a teacher from 1835 to 1843. The Estes family opposed slavery, and Lydia knew many of the early abolitionist activists, including Lydia Maria Child, Frederick Douglass, Sarah Grimkà ©, Angelina Grimkà ©, and William Lloyd Garrison. Douglass was a lifelong friend of Lydia. Lydia herself became involved, joining, with her friend Abby Kelley Foster the Lynn Female Anti-Slavery Society, and she was secretary of the Freemans Society. She also became involved in womens rights. Religiously, the Estes family members were Quakers but left the local meeting over a conflict around slavery. Rebecca Estes and then the rest of the family became Universalists, also influenced by the Swedenborgians and spiritualists. Marriage Lydia married widower Isaac Pinkham in 1843. He brought a five-year-old daughter into the marriage. Together they had five more children; the second son died in infancy. Isaac Pinkham was involved in real estate but never did very well. The family struggled financially. Lydias role was primarily as the typical wife and mother of Victorian middle-class ideals. Then, in the Panic of 1873, Isaac lost his money, was sued for nonpayment of debts, and generally fell apart and was unable to work. A son, Daniel, lost his grocery store to the collapse. By 1875, the family was nearly destitute. Lydia E. Pinkham Vegetable Compound Lydia Pinkham had become a follower of nutrition reformers like Sylvester Graham (of the graham cracker) and Samuel Thomson. She brewed a home remedy made of roots and herbs, and including 18% to 19% alcohol as solvent and preservative. She had shared this freely with family members and neighbors for about ten years. According to one legend, the original formula came to the family through a man for whom Isaac Pinkham had paid a debt of $25. In desperation over their financial circumstances, Lydia Pinkham decided to market the compound. They registered a trademark for Lydia E. Pinkhams Vegetable Compound and copyrighted a label which after 1879 included Lydias grandmotherly picture at the suggestion of the Pinkham son, Daniel. She patented the formula in 1876. Son William, who had no outstanding debts, was named the legal owner of the company. Lydia brewed the compound in their kitchen until 1878 when it was moved into a new building next door. She personally wrote many of the advertisements for it, focusing on female complaints which included a variety of ailments including menstrual cramps, vaginal discharge, and other menstrual irregularities. The label originally and assertively claimed A Sure Cure for PROLAPSIS UTERI or Falling of the Womb, and all FEMALE WEAKNESSES, including Leucorrhea, Painful Menstruation, Inflammation, and Ulceration of the Womb, Irregularities, Floodings, etc. Many women were unwilling to consult physicians for their female difficulties. Physicians of the time often prescribed surgery and other unsafe procedures for such problems. This might include applying leeches to the cervix or vagina. Those supporting that eras alternative medicine often turned to home or commercial remedies such as Lydia Pinkhams. The competition included Dr. Pierces Favorite Prescription and Wine of Cardui. Growing Business Selling the compound was at core a family enterprise, even as it grew. The Pinkham sons distributed ads and even sold the medicine door to door around New England and New York. Isaac folded pamphlets. They used handbills, postcards, pamphlets, and advertisements, beginning with the Boston newspapers. The Boston advertisement brought in orders from wholesalers. A major patent medicine broker, Charles N. Crittenden, began to distribute the product, increasing its distribution to nationwide. Advertising was aggressive. The ads targeted women directly, on the assumption that women understood their own problems best. An advantage that the Pinkhams emphasized was that Lydias medicine was created by a woman, and the advertisements stressed endorsements by women as well as by druggists. The label gave the impression of the medicine being homemade even though it was commercially produced. Ads often were designed to look like news stories, usually with some painful situation that could have been alleviated by the use of the compound. By 1881, the company began marketing the compound not only as a tonic  but also as pills and lozenges. Pinkhams goals went beyond commercial; her correspondence including advice on health and physical exercise. She believed in her compound as an alternative to standard medical treatment, and she wanted to counter the idea that women were weak. Advertising to Women One feature of the advertisements of Pinkhams remedy was an open and frank discussion of womens health issues. For a time, Pinkham added a douche to the offerings of the company; women often used it as contraception, but because it was marketed for hygienic purposes, it was not targeted for prosecution under the Comstock Law. The advertising prominently featured Lydia Pinkhams image and promoted her as a brand. Ads called Lydia Pinkham the Saviour of her Sex. The ads also urged women to let doctors alone and called the compound A medicine for women. Invented by a woman. Prepared by a woman. The advertisements offered a way to write to Mrs. Pinkham and many did. Lydia Pinkhams responsibility in the business also included answering the many letters received. Temperance and the Vegetable Compound Lydia Pinkham was an active supporter of temperance. Despite that, her compound included 19% alcohol. How did she justify that? She claimed that the alcohol was necessary to suspend and preserve the herbal ingredients, and so she did not find its use incompatible with her temperance views. Using alcohol for medicinal purposes was often accepted by those who supported temperance. While there were many stories of women being affected by the alcohol in the compound, it was relatively safe. Other patent medicines of the time included morphine, arsenic, opium or mercury. Death and Continuing Business Daniel, at 32, and William, at 38, the two youngest Pinkham sons, both died in 1881 of tuberculosis (consumption). Lydia Pinkham turned to her spiritualism and held seances to try to contact her sons. At that point, the business was formally incorporated. Lydia had a stroke in 1882 and died the next year. Although Lydia Pinkham died in Lynn in 1883 at age 64, her son Charles continued the business. At the time of her death, sales were $300,000 per year; sales continued to grow. There were some conflicts with the companys advertising agent, and then a new agent updated the advertising campaigns. By the 1890s, the compound was the most advertised patent medicine in America. More images showing womens independence began to be used. Ads still used Lydia Pinkhams picture and continued to include invitations to write to Mrs. Pinkham. A daughter-in-law and later staff members at the company answered the correspondence. In 1905, the Ladies Home Journal, which was also campaigning for food and drug safety regulations, accused the company of misrepresenting this correspondence, publishing a photograph of the tombstone of Lydia Pinkham. The company responded that Mrs. Pinkham referred to Jennie Pinkham, the daughter-in-law. In 1922, Lydias daughter, Aroline Pinkham Gove, founded a clinic in Salem, Massachusetts, to serve mothers and children. Sales of the Vegetable Compound peaked in 1925 at $3 million. The business decreased after that point, because of family conflict after Charles death over how to run the business, the effects of the Great Depression and also changing federal regulations, especially the Food and Drug Act, that affected what could be claimed in the advertisements. In 1968, the Pinkham family sold the company, ending their relationship with it, and manufacturing was moved to Puerto Rico. In 1987, Numark Laboratories acquired a  license to the medicine, calling it Lydia Pinkhams Vegetable Compound. It can still be found, for instance as Lydia Pinkham Herbal Tablet Supplement and Lydia Pinkham Herbal Liquid Supplement. Ingredients Ingredients in the original compound: False unicorn root, true unicorn rootBlack cohosh rootLife rootPleurisy rootFenugreek seedAlcohol Newer additions in later versions include: Dandelion rootBlack cohosh root (as in the original)Jamaican dogwoodMotherwortPleurisy root (as in the original)Licorice rootGentian root The Lydia Pinkham Song Responding to the medication and its widespread advertising, a ditty about it became famous  and remained popular well into the 20th century. In 1969, the Irish Rovers included this on an album, and the single made the Top 40 in the United States. The words (like many folk songs) vary; this is a common version: We sing of Lydia PinkhamAnd her love of the human raceHow she sells her Vegetable CompoundAnd the newspapers publish her Face. Papers The Lydia Pinkham papers can be found at Radcliffe College (Cambridge, Massachusetts) at the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library. Books About Lydia Pinkham Elbert Hubbard. Lydia E. Pinkham. 1915.Robert Collyer Washburn. The Life and Times of Lydia E. Pinkham. 1931.Sarah Stage. Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Womens Medicine. 1979.R. Sobel and D. B. Sicilia. The Entrepreneurs: An American Adventure. 1986. Background, Family Mother: Rebecca ChaseFather: William EstesSiblings: nine older and two younger Marriage, Children Husband: Isaac Pinkham (married September 8, 1843; shoe manufacturer and real estate speculator)Children:Charles Hacker Pinkham (1844)Daniel (died in infancy)Daniel Rogers Pinkham (1848)William Pinkham (1852)Aroline Chase Pinkham ( 1857)

How might a rights-informed approach to social care provision and Essay

How might a rights-informed approach to social care provision and delivery result in better outcomes for users of social care se - Essay Example For instance, the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities encompasses rights to: participation in decision making; physical integrity and personal mobility; participation, dignity, and non-discrimination; and to live independently and actively within the community. A rights-based approach facilitates the realization of human rights by: fostering the inclusion of marginalized, socially excluded, vulnerable, or at-risk groups of people; addressing and challenging the barriers, inequalities, and injustices that are prevalent within the society; pursuing policies and programs that facilitate the well being of the service users. In most case, a rights-based approach gives services providers a stronger role to play in the manner in which services are designed and delivered. As a result, social care service users are rendered recipients of services that transform their lives and safeguard them against discriminatory treatment (Great Britain 2007, p.177). A right-based approach highlights the significance of empowerment and participation of parties impacted on by decisions to claim the rights, and accountability and capability to deliver from those responsible for social care service provision and delivery. ... need to reform institutions and transform power relations via enhanced participation, accountability, and participation and via compelling organizations to meet their rights obligations. A rights-informed approach to social care delivery and provision rests on guaranteeing that health and social care is provided and made accessible to all persons on a fair basis (Chapman 1994, p.4). Human rights represent the fundamental and irreducible rights for all individuals, which represent the moral and ethical principles that are critical to a democratic society. Human rights are grounded in a framework of fundamental values such as dignitary, equality, autonomy, respect, and fairness. The relevant human right instruments referred to in the paper entail: Human Rights Act, European Convention on Human Rights, especially Articles 2, 3, and 8; UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and, UN Conventional n Rights f Personas with Disabilities, especially Article 19. The European C onvention on Human Rights articles entail: the right to life (Article 2); the right to respect for private and family life (article 8); and, the right of not to be subjected to discrimination with relation to any of the rights within the Act (article 14). With regard to values, a rights-based approach highlights PANEL principles, namely: participation, accountability, non-discrimination, empowerment of individuals, and legality (appreciation of legal principles) (Steiner, Alston and Goodman 2008, p.300). Human rights apply to all, but are especially significant for persons who are at enhanced risk of poor treatment. Human rights can avail practical guidance to the formulation, implementation, evaluation, and monitoring of social care provision and delivery. The rights-informed approach

Organizing and Delegating-Management of Organizations Essay

Organizing and Delegating-Management of Organizations - Essay Example An effective cost reduction plan should achieve results that flow from top to the bottom line of financial matters (Mosley, 2008). The plan should be designed in such a manner that its implementation does not damage the organization itself. In fact, it is argued that a good cost reduction program should focus much on damage control as it involves cutting costs. The ways of communicating these measures are equally important, especially if it concerns salaries of the employees. Cost Reduction Plan All cost reduction plans aim at reducing costs in order to improve profitability. It is apparent that by reducing expenses, profits are increased. In the current scenario, it is apparent that most of the company’s expenses go to employee salaries. With 90 percent of the company’s expenses being channeled in one department, it becomes tricky to have an effective cost reduction plan in place. In this regard, it is advisable to have a cost reduction team comprising all departments. In the beginning, the head of the cost control team should ensure that the idea of cost reduction is well discussed with the team members. In the current scenario, since cost reduction measures will mainly focus on reducing salaries of the employees, it is also advisable to have all departments represented by employees in the cost control team (Mosley, 2008). However, the meeting should be frequent, probably once in a week. This helps the effort not to lose momentum. Every meeting’s minutes should be published and availed to the chief executive and the heads of each department. The minutes should include the status of each task in the meeting. Cost reduction team members should discuss ideas in a free flowing manner. The ideas should primarily focus on the agenda of the meeting with a contribution from team members being well recorded. Since the main area of concern is salaries, it is equally important to consider a review of other areas that could also be highly contributin g to losses. For example, the cost of raw materials, electricity, travel, maintenance, etc. may as well be reviewed (Suzue, 2002). However, the next step involves cost necessity assessment. In this regard, evaluation of the magnitude of necessity of cost items identified is done. Most crucial items should be retained, but suggested reduction should be applied. Items with less magnitude of necessity should be evaluated for other options. Issues concerning salaries range from labor costs and morale initiatives to training costs. The table below indicates a cost reduction proposal that can be used to reduce cost associated with employee salaries and benefits. Item Classification Risks Decision Labor Necessary None Keep but reduce cost Supervision Necessary None Keep Overtime Necessary Morale impact Keep but reduce Coffee Unnecessary Morale impact Eliminate Department party Unnecessary Morale impact Keep but reduce Communication Plan Before any decisions are made on the measures to use in cost cutting, it is vital to consider the number of permanent employees and those that are in contract. This sets a pace in evaluating implementation negotiations (Coombs et al., 2005). The first step involves analysis of the situation that has led to seeking the option of cost reduction. This could be termed as

The Role of HR in Health Care Settings Term Paper

The Role of HR in Health Care Settings - Term Paper Example A description of how the perceptions were similar or different from the roles outlined in the learning resources is also covered. Subsequently, my experiences that may have influenced my perceptions are also outlined in this paper. Before delineating these issues, it is of importance to mention the different roles of HR and nurse managers. The HR is mandated with the role of negotiating the pay package, giving advice on rules and regulations pertaining to employment, organizing all aspects relating to recruitment of new employees, and giving recommendations when it comes to terminating employment. Nurse managers are the ultimate decision makers when recruiting and terminating new employees, perform sporadic appraisals of performance, gives constant trainings to employees, and also ensure a conducive and friendly working environment (Introduction to Healthcare Human Resources Management Program Transcript, 2002). My experience conducting the media survey was rather mystifying. This is attributed to my perceptions on the different roles of the nurse managers and the HR. Therefore, I got some of the questions on the media survey right and some wrong. To get all the survey questions right, one needs to have a clear comprehension of the different roles of nurse managers and HR before conducting the survey. This would help in doing away with personal opinions or perceptions regarding their divergent roles. My initial perception was that the roles of the two entities were entangled, meaning they do not differ as much. One of the assumption I had is that HR and nurse managers do not work together. Based on the results from the survey, it was clear that my perception was wrong . In fact, my perception was that HR does a lot more than I even knew with the nurse managers. According to Stewart, McGoldrick, and Watson (2002) the role of the HR is "To manage and co-ordinate

Analysis of impulse buying

Analysis of impulse buying Impulse buying is defined as a buying action undertaken without the problem having been previously recognized or a buying intention formed prior to entering the store. Operational Definition Shoppers are asked upon exiting the store what items they purchased. For each item, they are then asked some variant of the question when they decided to buy; before or after entering the store. The items purchased whose decisions were made after entering the store are impulse purchases. Problems identified with impulse buying studies: There are three main problems with the earlier research on impulse buying Prior studies conducted were based on a taxonomical research approach which classified products into impulse and non-impulse categories. This tends to ignore that fact that almost anything can be bought on an impulse. This approach is ineffective because it divert attention from the internally triggered motivations and their expression which is crucial to understand impulse purchase. At the end of the day, it is people, not products that show impulse consumption behaviour. Not all impulse buying can be categorized as unplanned purchase and vice versa. A lot of purchase which are not planned can be a result of stimulation in the minds of the consumer inside the store which leads to recall of the purchase which they planned long before but had been delayed or postponed. It is incorrect to classify such behaviour under impulse. Impulse buying drops down to a much narrow and specific range of phenomenon than may come under unplanned purchase. To clarify it can be said that impulse buying occurs when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately (Hoch Loewenstein,1991) There hardly exist any theoretical models or framework on impulse buying behaviour. Previous work has not offered any behavioural model to explain impulse buying in totality. Especially if we look at the functional or implementation level for the marketers, there hardly exist any organized reference models to use impulse purchase as a tool to improve sales. Many models link arousal and purchase indirectly linked by some external variable. But they have no mention of phenomena where arousal leads directly to purchase. Five factors that affect impulse purchase: 1. Navigating through categories lead to impulse buying: I found this paper on e-Commerce that had a very interesting study on impulse buying and what causes it. The paper studied habits of consumers shopping online, and found that people browsing through products by clicking categories were more likely to buy something on impulse than people searching for stuff online. The rationale is that people navigating through categories get exposed to a much greater breadth of products than people looking for products through search. 2. Power Distance Belief (PDB): I found this research paper that discusses the concept of Power Distance Belief (PDB) and its impact on impulse buying. I am not sure if I fully agree with it, or even understand it, but its a really interesting and novel take on the subject. Power -distance belief is the degree of power disparity that the people of a culture expect and accept. Higher the PDB, the more a person expects and accepts disparity in power. Eastern cultures like China and India have a high PDB and western cultures like America have a low PDB. A low PDB results in greater impulse buying, and a high PDB results in lower impulse buying. The reason for that people is eastern cultures who expect more power disparity, are also brought up to practice self restraint much more than people in western cultures who dont expect so much power disparity. 3. Prosperity: I really dont need research to tell me that prosperity leads to impulse buying. During the peak of the recession impulse buying was not even something I thought about, let alone engage in. Now, that the situation has markedly improved, a lot of people are engaging in it, including myself. 4. Shiny stuff causes impulse buys: According to this piece, things that are sparkly, noisy, jiggly, furry, fuzzy, or have any other feature that makes them draw attention will sell well on impulse. This makes sense too, because the more attention something draws, the more likely it is that you will think about it and end up buying it. 5. Price: This factor is the most talked about when it comes to impulse buying. A lot of people say that they indulged in impulse buying just because something was on a discount. I am sure deals and discounts contribute to impulse buying, and when we see something priced much lower than what we are used, that triggers a desire to get that thing and save money. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_n13_v12/ai_9204083/?tag=content;col1 Visual aid to trigger impulse purchase: Emotions are at heart of impulse buying decisions Todays retail stores are almost universal in their reliance on self-service merchandising and a high rate of impulse buying. Self-service merchandising is facilitated by store design and careful attention to traffic flow, while impulse buying is enhanced by the use of special displays. Estimates shows that at least 5 percent of total sales are the result of special displays. Impulse sales are created not by persuasive reasoning, but by striking an emotion that the customer can act upon quickly. There appear to be three mechanisms by which the impulse buying response can be triggered. First, the special display cues the customer to respond to an external advertising campaign. The display creates impulse sales by reminding customers about the extensive advertising to which they have (hopefully) been exposed. Second, the display can serve to break the consumers conditioned reflex to buy a particular product. If the consumer buys Brand A because it has become a habit, then it will be necessary for them to have a reason to break this conditioned purchase behavior. Special displays provide a way to accomplish this because the consumer is responding emotionally, not through a reasoned process. Finally, special displays create impulse sales for new or novel products by instigating the desire to try something new! The salient feature to remember about impulse sales is that they are a response to an emotional appeal. A successful appeal may take many forms, but those most universal and easiest to communicate are identified by simple phrases such as: low price, new, free, extra, etc. A special display is used to get the customers attention for each of these messages. To be successful in creating sales, each of the special displays must meet two objectives. The first and most basic is to get noticed. This is accomplished by positioning the display, where it is easily seen (either on an end cap, or sticking out from a shelf). However, given the competition for customer attention, this often is not enough. Methods of increasing visibility include bright colors, maximizing separation from the shelf or general merchandise, and massive size. Using special displays to increase impulse sales. To be successful in creating sales, each of the special displays must meet two objectives. The first and most basic is to get noticed. This is accomplished by positioning the display, where it is easily seen (either on an end cap, or sticking out from a shelf). However, given the competition for customer attention, this often is not enough. Methods of increasing visibility include bright colors, maximizing separation from the shelf or general merchandise, and massive size. The space and situation will dictate which method is appropriate. If, for example, the objective is to increase soft drink sales, this most likely is best accomplished by creating a large display with prominent signing. You also would want to increase impulse sales by creating a display of related merchandise such as snack foods and barbecue supplies. However, if less space is available, then the traditional `shelf-talkers and checkout counter displays are more useful approaches. Another excellent method for attracting attention is the use of special lighting. Lighting not only attracts attention to products, but also communicates a message. Incandescent light creates a softer, warmer image associated with quality. Coloured lighting can be used to achieve other effects. The second objective of a special display is to create an impulse to buy. The message must be clear, immediate, and the action required, unambiguous. Of course, the trick is knowing how to communicate an emotional appeal that translates into the `buy me now message. For chain drug stores, the messages that are most likely to be consistent with the merchandising mix and business policy are price and convenience (Ted Gladson Emotions are at heart of impulse buying decisions.) Model to explain purchase behaviour: Any visual contact with the product or product related communication produces a stimulus or need to look at the product and try it. This leads to development of an attitude towards the product stimulus and leads to three situations: Affect This leads to Behaviour Cognition Reliance martC:UsersnimishDesktopRelianceMart at Ahmedabad.JPG Spread across 165,000 square feet of shopping area, RelainceMart will provide the shoppers a never before experience shopping delight. The hypermarket will carry a range of over 95,000 products catering to the entire family. Shoppers will have the option to choose from a wide array of products in every category ranging from Fresh Produce, Food Grocery, Home Care Products, Apparel and Accessories, Lifestyle Product, Footwear and much more. RelianceMart offers some unique services to the shoppers like tailoring, shoe repair, watch repair, a photo shop, gift services and laundry services all within the store. The store also houses its own fresh bakery serving hot off the oven bread and bread products throughout the day and local savories, an ice-cream train for the kids, a chakki, ready-made batter and loose tea and pickle for the housewives. RelianceMart will also sell fine jewellery and fashion jewellery as a part of its Lifestyle section. RelianceMart will also house a health and wellness store providing pharmaceutical drugs and other wellness products. For the shoppers convenience, the store has a cafeteria providing quality food and beverages for ready consumption, an ATM machine and a consumer service / membership desk to provide the customer a truly international shopping experience. RelianceMart with 61 check-out counters has for the first time in India introduced the Mobile POS system for faster check outs. This is aimed at reducing the customer wait time. The store planning, atmospheries and layout has been designed specifically to provide a complete solution to the customer. RelianceMart will remain open from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. seven days a week. The store has over 400 highly skilled and trained customer sales representatives. STAR BAZAAR The uniqueness of each Star Bazaar store lies in the size and spread of its merchandise range. Shoppers can select from a large range of staples, fresh goods, apparel, luggage, consumer durables, household products and much more and also enjoy the benefit of generous reductions on the market rate.C:UsersnimishDesktopimages.jpg The stores stock goods according to regional customer preferences, as customers in different regions favour different essentials. For instance, in Gujarat, people tend to stock up on their pulses whereas in northern India, basmati rice is a big item. Star Bazaar is aware that people today look at value as a critical component while shopping. And that the first visit may be put down to curiosity, but customers will keep coming back only if they are satisfied with the choices, the quality and the value of the products on sale. So the big focus is on understanding its customers who they are, what they want, what is relevant to them, and how to package it in a manner that makes the store more attractive to them. PRIMARY RESEARCH FINDINGS (All the information used below is taken from the quantitative and qualitative study done for this dissertation) The figure shows the percentage of respondents ever visited one of these stores. 97% of the respondents said that they have visited Big Bazaar at least once, followed by reliance mart, Star Bazaar and Vishal mega mart in the respective order. Factors leading to choice of a hypermarket store Quantitative research shows that the factors affecting the choice of hypermarket store can be broadly classified into three categories: Category Factors Most important Location Variety Discounts Average importance Brand name Quick billing Ease of finding product Quality Experience Least important Size of store Assistance in shopping Shopper Behaviour Trends Pre Planning of purchase From the research it is evident that majority of the shoppers prefer planning their purchase before going to shopping. Research says almost two third (74%) of the respondents pre plan their purchase. This may include everything from the written plan to the mental plan the shopper has. More expenditure than planned Even when a majority plans their purchase, most of the time shoppers end up spending more than planned in a hypermarket. From the above graph it is evident that almost 60% spend more than planned almost every time they go out shopping in a hypermarket. This extra amount can be attributed to the impulse purchase of the shoppers, which means that even when the shopper plans the purchase before entering a hypermarket they still end up purchasing products out of the list. Relationship between preplanning of the purchases and actual impulse behaviour The above figure shows how impulse purchase varies with pre planning of the purchase by the shopper in a hypermarket. It shows some relation between the two: Among the people who end up spending more every time, 61% are the ones who plan their purchase and rest 39% are the ones who dont plan. Among the people who hardly ever spend more than planned, 86% plan their purchase and 14% do not plan. Hence, pre planning of purchase can affect the overall impulse purchase but the impact is very less and consumers planning of purchase dont really influence to their impulse behaviour. It clearly suggests that a good number of purchase decisions are actually taken inside the store. Thus, opens a huge window of opportunity for marketers to influence their behaviour in favour of their product. Mode of payment preferred The number of credit and debit card users in India is climbing fast, and rising affluence is likely to erode Indians lingering reluctance to spend on credit. Indians have traditionally valued thrift and frugality. But the spread of affluence in the wake of rapid economic growth is challenging these values, at least for many middle-class and high-income families. One sign of this is the phenomenal growth in the number of credit and debit cards in India-in the past three years, the number of credit cards has more than doubled and the number of debit cards has almost quadrupled. It has been observed that the mode of payment can influence pain of payment. Since paying by the card will feel less painful than paying in cash, participants will spend more with card. Similar trend is observed in the above pie chart, which says almost 60% of the shoppers today prefer using their credit/debit cards in place of cash. Relationship between mode of payment and impulse purchase From the above figure it is clear that people who end up spending more in form of impulse purchase are the ones who prefer card over cash. On the other hand people using cash hardly ever spend more than planned. Thus, mode of payment can be very significant in influencing the purchase behaviour, especially impulse purchase, since the pain of spending is much less in card payment. Purchase from attractive kiosk The above pie chart shows how product placement and point of purchase communication influence the shopper behaviour. Retail Communication helps the retailers generate sales by using any one or a mix of these outputs and inform, persuade and remind customers about the retailer and its offers. Stores use tools such as visual merchandising, signage and graphics, and other forms of point-of-purchase communication (PoP) to achieve an effective in-store strategy. The consumer response from the above figure shows that 61% of the total respondents show an intention to purchase from an attractive kiosk for product launch or promotion. The above graph shows the trend of actual purchase from such kiosks. It clearly suggests that shopper may try it at times but it depends on various factors such as (findings from depth interviews): Price When it comes to picking up product on impulse from a promotional kiosk, price matters a lot. People would not want to risk buying an expensive product, which they dont have a prior experience with. At low price the risk associated with the purchase gets reduced a lot and results in high trial rate. Category openness to new product depends a lot on the importance of that product in our daily lives. For example, women are very particular about the cosmetic products that they use and are not open to experiment much on the other hand product category like snacks and chocolates does not pose any such risk. Thus, product category also influence this impulse purchase behaviour. Brand Brand name brings with it trust and reliability, which reduces the risk associated with a product trial and shoppers are more open to buy such products. For example, Apple launches its new products and even before the reviews comes out, brand loyalist buys them, because of the trust Apple has built over the years. Packaging Visual appeal plays a very important role in differentiating the product from hundreds of other products kept in a hypermarket. Packaging cannot just attract the customer but can also lead to final purchase because it is the first POP communication by the product. Brands like Parle Agros Hippo took this insight and launched the product in almost all hypermarkets and have been very successful. Discounts / offers Most of the time trial can be triggered by offering discount or some promotional scheme. In this way marketers can reduce the risk by adding more value to their offering. Also, it catches eye and the psyche of Indian customer is such that it looks for higher value at lower cost. It also creates a sense of urgency because even when customer does not need the product he/she may buy thinking that the discount may or may not be available in future. This result in impulse purchase for the purpose to stock. Purchase near billing area Billing counter is the most strategic location to trigger impulse buying behaviour in the shopper. Few factors that affect are: Time Most of the times in Indian hypermarkets people have to stand in queues before billing, this extra bit of time is when they actually think of other things they wanted to buy but may have forgotten. Presence of products around Area near the billing counter is full of products that are high on impulse purchase. These products are not the low priced and mostly eatables. For example, chocolates, toffees, chewing gums, chips, etc. Presence of such products generally tempts the shopper to pick them. The whole experience of shopping happening all around them leads to such behaviour. Influence of others purchase There is a saying that grass on the other side is always green, which holds true with Indians, while shopping too. Every person carrying a product in its shopping cart is marketing for the product. We also tend to look at other peoples shopping cart when we are waiting in the queue and that is the time when we recall most of the items that we need but forgot to buy. This is a major reason of impulse purchase in a hypermarket as compared to that of traditional retail format. Fear of loss Section wise unplanned visit The movement of the shopper inside a hypermarket is the most important thing to study for a marketer because it is very important for any manufacturer to place the product in such a way that it is visible enough to the shopper so that they can make up their mind and buy it. Impulse purchase is hugely dependent on the way the shopper move inside the store. From the research, the above graph shows what sections of the hypermarket witness highest unplanned visit. Most of the times shopper just walk through the section even when there is no intention of buying any product. Looking broadly at the various sections the hypermarket is divided, I listed down the major ones. From the above figure it is clear that: Highest unplanned visit happens in Snacks section that includes chips, biscuits, wafers, chocolates and other packaged snacks. Research shows 71% of the total respondents visit these sections even when they had no plan of buying anything from these sections initially. This is because of the following reasons: Price: Temptation: After snacks comes apparel and personal care section. Here Category bought on impulse QUALITATIVE findings Factors affecting the purchase behaviour and specifically impulse purchase in a hypermarket: Time Hypermarket is a retail format which offers a wide variety of products and practically all the consumer needs can be met at that very place. In such a situation it becomes important for them to spend time inside and take a look at every section of the hypermarket. During the depth interviews, there has been a significant change in the shopper movement and behaviour when given a situation where they have some extra bit of time to spend in the store. For example, they were given a situation where they came for a movie but got tickets of the show that is 2 hours late. Now, they have these 2 hours and they enter a hypermarket when they had no intention to visit the store initially. The response shows that now there movement would not be driven by the pre planned intention but the choice they unconsciously make. Sections they prefer to visit now are the ones which will witness maximum impulse behaviour. During the interviews it was evident that in such a situation maximum number of shoppers would want to visit the apparel and footwear section. Below table shows how the behaviour vary with different age groups. This is an important indicator for marketers and retailers to generate impulse purchase by placing their products at the entry or exit of these category sections. Disposable money (amount willing to spend on different categories) The amount a shopper carrying is also a very significant factor that influence his/her movement inside the store and hence impulse purchase. During the depth interviews, the respondents were given a situation where they were asked to imagine a situation where they are having some extra money and they wont mind spending it that days shopping. There was again a significant change in the behaviour in this situation as this extra amount psychologically give them the freedom to wander in sections that earlier they avoided because lack of money not lack of interest or time. This behaviour is again is important for marketers and retailers to generate impulse purchase by placing their products at the entry or exit of these category sections. In this case, there is a higher chance of impulse behaviour due to availability of extra cash and high intention of purchase. Payment mode Mode of payment is also a very important factor which came into light by observing shoppers at the store and depth interviews. To conduct this study I traced shopper movement inside the store and their purchase trends. If was evident that people end up spending more when they dont pay in cash because the pain of payment is very low in card as compared to that of cash. In store design Billing Counter From the above research it is quite evident that products kept near billing counter have a high probability to stimulate impulse buying behaviour. Various factors like time of queue, access to others shopping cart and the mental satisfaction of buying products contributes to this behaviour. It is designed in such a manner that while waiting in the queue you cannot avoid the sight of the products. Most of the times the products found are low priced and discounted like chewing gums, chocolates, chips, soft toys etc. Shelf placement Shopper movement Entrance Exit Shopping frequency and impulse The above graph explains the relation between shopping frequency and impulse purchase behaviour. Generally, people going for shopping everyday do not spend more than planned. It is evident from the higher number of respondents in the last three categories of everyday shoppers. On the other hand people going shopping less often tends to spend more than planned most of the time which is clear from the fact that first three categories are high on once in 3 months purchasers. Recommendations Promoting impulse buying behaviour Businesses who wish to promote their products and focus on impulse buying should create an environment where shoppers can be comforted and relieved of their negative perceptions of impulse. They should focus on the relative reasoning of impulse buying in their marketing efforts. Similarly, they should also focus on the non-economic rewards of impulse buying. Additionally, businesses can make the environment more complex, further straining consumers abilities to process information accurately. Such techniques as stocking more merchandise, creating stimulating atmospherics, and increasing information may be useful to stimulate impulse buying. Businesses have to make impulse purchasing more risk-free, through convenient return policies, or increase enablers such as credit and store hours. Importantly, this model also offers options for consumers to control their buying impulses, if they choose to, or feel better about their impulse buying, by relieving their negative evaluations of impulse. How to promote impulsive buying Emphasise needs versus wants Highlight that it will not impact on their shopping budgets over time Create a store environment which dazzles them and where they lose control Provide flexible payment methods. Some people have less cash in your wallet and sometimes leave credit cards at home Avoid making the customer wait 24 hours before making an unplanned purchase Demonstrate that this deal/offer will not last tomorrow before they realize that such deals occur on a regular basis Stress on the emotional aspect of owning the product. Good amount of effort should be put into messages which should make consumers recognize that buying on impulse is not bad. Once consumers recognize that products are more than commodities and that they are buying to please their desires, they will feel more comfortable with the impulse buying decision. Product trial There is a wide gap between the points where the product visual generates the stimulus to final purchase. To minimize this gap and to convert all stimuli into action product trial can prove very effective. This helps customers check the quality of the product and its utility, such an experience can reinforce the buying impulse and the need to buy starts dominating. Some well known things about impulse buying Traditionally impulse buying is defined as Unplanned buying refers to all purchases made without such advance planning and includes impulse buying, which is distinguished by the relative speed with which buying decisions occur. Impulse buying occurs when a consumer experiences a sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. The impulse to buy is hedonically complex and may stimulate emotional conflict. Also, impulse buying is prone to occur with diminished regard for its consequences. Why people buy impulsively? Some say that it acts as a stress reliever Perceive it as the best buy of that time People are captivated as an audience Consumers have extra money in their budget These are some of the characteristics of impulsive buying Unplanned, Spontaneous and intense urge to buy the purchaser often ignoring the consequences Without much prior knowledge of the product or intension to buy A kind of emotional and irrational purchase often for reasons like fun, fantasy and social and economic pleasure Consumer often regret their purchase after purchasing Internal factors affecting impulsive buying Depends on the mood of the individual, positive mood triggers impulsive buying Impulsive buying is more a need than a want Potential entertainment and emotional worth of shopping Cognitive/affective External factors affecting impulsive buying Windows display Visual merchandising In-store form display Promotional signage Word of mouth messages E-commerce Impact of impulsive buying on the consumer Disturbs the overall financial budget Often gives product dissatisfaction and less alternatives are considered People who go for impulsive buying often have post purchase regret Irrational decision making being more emotional http://www.focus.com/briefs/marketing/impulse-buying-boosting-your-bottom-line/ Limitations People in the city are not used to research hence they were not very responsive or had less idea on how to answer certain questions. As a student, I had limited amount of resources (money, time, contacts etc) to spend on this research. This research has been conducted in two hypermarkets (Reliance mart and star bazaar), the research findings cannot be extended to all hypermarkets in India. This restricts the scope of applying the findings. There are various psychological factors driving impulse behaviour which cannot be covered in this study due to knowledge limitation. Hence the findings cannot be extended to these areas.